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Intro To Genetics Vocab & Skills Gregor Mendel “The Father of Modern Genetics” Crossed pea plants that varied in 7 different contrasting traits: • height •seed color •seed texture (round vs. wrinkled) • and others… Gregor Mendel’s Experiment P 1 Generation = Parents _________________________________ F 1 Generation = Children _________________________________ Purebred Purebred Tall Short All Tall F 1 Generation = Children _________________________________ All Tall F 2 Generation = 3 Tall Grand Children _________________________________ 1 Short Discovering Genes Purebred Purebred Tall Short First Mendel thought T T that the flowers must That Didn’t Workor So then have one gene Mendel that factor thought for height: Maybe there are 2 genes & one from each for height parent That only one parent could&pass it on toT t their offspringOne was “stronger” than the other tt All Tall Tt Tt Tt 3 Tall 1 Short TT Tt Tt Tt t P1 Tall Short TT tt T T F1 Tt T F2 t TT Genes Separate One Gets passed on from parents t Tt t Tt T Tt Genes are sorted independently from each other t tt Mendel’s Contribution to Genetics (What he discovered) 1) 2 Genes for every trait - (1 from each parent) 2) One gene can be stronger &“take over”(Tt = Tall ) -Called ( Law of Dominance) 3) Traits can skip a generation (short) Why did he study Pea Plants - Reproduce Quickly - Easy to see the traits Genetics Intro Vocab Gregor Mendel - Father of Genetics “_____________________”Austrian Monk Pea who tested ______Plants for heredity Heredity - The passing on of features or characteristics fromParents ________ to Children _______ Traits – __________________________________________ Inherited Characteristics Examples of Inherited traits: Eye Color Height Intelligence ___________ ____________ ______________ Vocab Cont.. Genetics - The Study of __________________. Heredity 2 genes Each Organism has ______________ for each trait, called ALLELES. o One from their mother and one from their father. b B bb BB Don’t write: Each parent can only pass on 1 of their 2 Genes to child Bb Child Don’t write: Child is a combo ( half mom & half dad) Genetics Vocab Cont.. Hints Type or Form of a gene (one gene) 1 Letter Alleles - ________________________________________ Allele = Alone Example: T = tall gene t = short gene makeup (2 gene combo) Genotype – Genetic ____________________________________ Example: (2 genes) TT or Tt or tt Physical appearance (what you see) Phenotype - _________________________________ Example: 2 Letters Tall or Short Words Pheno =Physical Dominant vs Recessive Dominant Recessive Who do you think would DOMINATE ? Recessive = Hidden “not actually seen” Reminds me of Receding “going away” Okay back to notes Dominant vs Recessive Dominant Genes – “____________________” always takes over. Stronger gene Uppercase letter - Allele is always abbreviated with an_______________ ( B =– ____________eyes – Dominant Allele) Brown Recessive Genes – “_____________________” seems to disappear. Hidden (weaker) gene Allele is always abbreviated with a_______________ Lowercase letter ( b =– ____________eyes – Recessive Allele) blue Lets Look at : Dominant / Recessive Tongue Rolling Traits in Humans Can = Dominant : TT or Tt Can’t = Recessive : tt Earlobes Attached = Dominant : EE or Ee Unattached = Recessive : ee Lets Look at : Dominant / Recessive Traits in Humans Thumb Hitch Hiker = Dominant Straight = Recessive Lets Look at : Dominant / Recessive Traits in Humans Homozygous & Heterozygous Homozygous: When two alleles Are ____________________ the SAME size letters. same ( ____ BB or _____ bb = Homozygous Genotypes) Heterozygous– When two alleles Are ____________________ DIFFERENT size letters. different ( ______ Bb = Heterozygous Genotypes) Back to Genes HOW THEY ARE WRITTEN When writing out genotypes & alleles remember to: T = tall t = short 1) Use the same letter for dominant & recessive genes: _____________ Tt not tT 2) If Heterozygous: The dominant (Capitol ) letter comes first.Bb ___________ not bB 2 - BB or bb How Many Choices are there for Homozygous? ________ 1 - Bb How many choices are there for Heterozygous? _______ How they Work Blue/Brown Eye color Remember: Alleles: (cheat sheet) B - Brown Dominant Allele - _______ b - blue Recessive Allele - ________ 3 Genotypes : Capitol is Dominant over Recessive BB = Dominant shows = ____________________ Brown eyes _______ ( Phenotype) T t = Tall Bb = Dominant shows “takes over” = __________________ Brown eyes (Phenotype) _______ Capitol * Anytime you see a ___________________ ( Dominant Allele) So it shows: Recessive is still theretrait) & can be - That __________________ (physical will show. Dominant passed on to kids but… We don’t SEE it.. bb blue eyes _______ = Recessive shows - ________________ (Phenotype) Lowercase together will the * Only when there are TWO ________________ Recessive _________________ (physical trait show) Practice Vocab“ Look back at notes If need to” Label the following as : GENOTYPE / PHENOTYPE / or ALLELE Genotype t = _________ Tt = _____________ Allele phenotype Dark hair = _____________ Label the following as : HETEROZYGOUS / or HOMOZYGOUS ANSWERS Homozygous TT = ______________ Heterozygous Homozygous tt = _________________ Tt = ______________ Label the following with the correct Phenotype if : F = Freckles f = No Freckles Freckles Ff = _____________ (Freckles / No Freckles) No Freckles ff = _______________ (Freckles / No Freckles) Freckles FF = _____________ (Freckles / No Freckles) Complete On Own: “Gene Practice Problems” Page in Packet Warm Up • Define the following words: – Dominant – Recessive – Homozygous – Heterozygous Take out note packet and open up to last nights homework Parents Punnett Square Notes Child Child Child Child Definition:Tool used to ___________the possible _______ Child outcomes. Predict Outside Inside (Parents - ___________ / Children - _________) Example: Pea Color: Allele: G = Green g = Yellow Parent 1 = Gg: ___________ X Parent 2 = Gg: __________ Green Green Parent 1 = Gg: _____________X Parent 2 = Gg: ________ Green Green G Parents G g GG g Gg Green Green ( ___________ ) ( ___________ ) Gg gg Green ( ___________ ) ( ___________ ) Yellow All Possible Children Punnett Cont.. G g G g GG Gg Green Green Gg gg Green Yellow Chances: % 25% 25% Genotype Ratio: 25% 25% 1) Write 3 genotypes 1 GG : _____ Phenotype Ratio: 75 % Green Children = ________% % Yellow Children = _______% 25 2) Count Boxes 1 gg : _____ 2 Gg _____ 1) Write 2 Phenotypes 3 Green : _____ 2) Count Boxes 1 Yellow _____ Punnett Practice 1. R = Red Flower r = White Flower Cross : Red and White Flower = R r X R r r Rr Red ) ( _______ rr ( _______ White ) r Rr rr Red ) ( ________ White ) ( ________ rr a. What percent (%) of the children will be: 50 % Red _______ White _______ 50 % b. Genotype Ratio: 0 2 2 _____RR : ____Rr : ____rr c. Phenotype Ratio: 2 2 ____Red : ____White Punnett Practice Rr Rr 1. Cross 2 Heterozygous Red Parents _______ X _________ a. R R r What are the chances of getting a white flower? 25 % White Flower _______ b. What are the chances of getting a Red flower? 75 Red Flower _______ % DO one RR the Last Rr Redyour (on _______ ) ( _______ ) Red own 1 b. Genotype Ratio: 2 1 _____RR : ____Rr : ____rr r Rr Red ) ( ________ rr White ) ( ________ c. Phenotype Ratio: 3 1 ____Red : ____White Class Practice Problem How to solve word problems Tall (T) is dominant to Short (t) . A heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant. T = Tall t = short a. Complete the Punnet Square b.List the genotype ratio of their offspring. T t t Tt tt t Tt 0 TT : ___ 2 Tt : ___tt 2 ____ c.List the phenotype ratio of their offspring. tt ____ 2 Tall : ___ 2 Short First: Make a cheat sheet for the alleles Second: Underline the parents Third: Put into Punnet Forth: Write out geno & pheno Possibilities & Count • Complete Punnett Practice 2