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Updates: • Quiz average: 76% • Project proposal grades/edits on d2l, attached to COMMENTS in DROPBOX. You will turn in a final draft, your final grade will be the average grade of the first and second drafts • Genetic Diseases will be graded by next week (out of 60 points) 1 Groups • Silvia, Nikko, Samantha, Breanna • Ryan, Marissa, Sowmiya, Brian • Keith, Cameron, Kaitlyn, Pam • Iris, Kevin, Courtney, Ben • Siddesh, Jessica, Thelma, Vick • Christie, Mayzia, Danielle How? 3 Why? Dividing & Delivering Distributing genetic information Goals for today 4 • Scaling: Nucleotide, Gene, Chromosome--and how many of each • Concept: Chromosomes are hugely long threads of DNA; some regions are genes • PURPOSES of ‘mitosis’ & ‘meiosis’ & how these dictate the events • Mixing and matching parental DNA made you. It provides hope that you’re “better” than them! The birthday cake gene metaphor • You are a birthday cake-making company! • A call comes in to order a cake for delivery. What information must you take? • You’re an old fashioned mom-and-pop place; no photos 5 6 Scaling •A gene is ~1,000-100,000 basepairs* •A chromosome is tens or hundreds of thousands of genes •A genome is 1-100s of chromosomes •A genotype refers to the alleles present in a given genome • Human genome is ~3,000,000,000 basepairs •Human genome is (currently guesstimated at) ~20-30,000 genes** •Human genome is ~1 meter of DNA *Includes control regions & stuff that won’t make it into the final product **We keep finding stuff that matters 7 Mitosis and Cell division • Gene: A stretch of DNA that represents all the information for a product as well as when and where to make the product (What product? Cake metaphor) • Allele: A version (or flavor) of a gene; two alleles of the same gene my differ by a nucleotide or dozens of them-generally a small number • Dominant/recessive: Two alleles enter; one allele leaves (which version manifests in the organism) • NOT which version is more common! • More in the lab manual & Vocab exercises! Windows on the gene: eyes • Find a brown- and a blue-eyed person. Look deep into their eyes & try to figure out the difference • What does it mean genetically when we say ‘brown eyes are dominant’? • • One gene, two alleles Why should that be so? What do brown alleles got that blue do not? 8 Ripped from the headlines 9 • Blue eyes arise from a DNA change that prevents creation of melanin in the eye specifically • Mutation appears identical in all blue-eyed folks, suggesting…? • Headline: Blue eyes result of ancient genetic ‘mutation’ • It’s not a ‘mutation’; it’s a mutation 10 Mitosis and Cell Division • How many cells • When you were “0”? • Now? • What do cells DO? https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/12_05CellCycle-L.jpg What happens in each “Stage?” What if a cell isn’t “listening”? 13 • Malignant Tumor – grows aggressively, invades surrounding tissue, metastasizes • Benign Tumor – lacks malignant tumor’s properties • Benign tumors CAN cause “mass effects” It’s all in a name • Chromosome • Gene • Chromatid • Allele • Homologous • Dominant • Recessive • Spindle Fiber • Centromere 1 “Chromatid” can also be a chromosome; it has all the genes on it. 1 “Chromatid” can also be a chromosome; it has all the genes on it. 1 “Chromatid” can also be a chromosome; it has all the genes on it. This 1 “Chromatid” can also be a chromosome; it has all the genes on it. This Is just a copy of this So, in this scenario… From Mother Chromosome 1 Chrm 2 From Mother Chromosome 1 Chrm 2 From Father Chromosome 1 Chrm 2 This is a DIPLOID Nucleus/Cell Chromosome 1 (from mother) Chromosome 1 (from father) Chromosome 1 (from mother) Chromosome 1 (from father) Copied during Interphase Copied during Interphase Chromosome 1 (from mother) Copied during Interphase Chromosome 1 (from father) Copied during Interphase So after replication… So after replication… Chromosome 1 (from mother) Chromosome 1 (from father) Chrm 2 Chrm 2 Condensed versions during mitosis/meiosis This is ALSO a diploid nucleus/cell This is a DIPLOID Nucleus/Cell Mitosis and Cell Division Why are chromosomes usually shown like this? http://kmarsh2.umwblogs.org/2008/10/24/cartoon-mitosis/ 32 Touching mitosis & meiosis Meet the Chromosomes • Compare our bead models with image • What corresponds? 33 Genotype, phenotype • Pick two traits • Pick a dominant & recessive outcome arising from different alleles • You all start off heterozygous 34 bead = gene Symbolism Room 450 Room 460 Pay close attention to the nipples! String of beads = chromosome = double-stranded DNA Room 430 Room 420 35 Mitosis Manually • Point at some of your cells that ‘do’ mitosis? • What’s the goal/purpose of this thing called ‘mitosis’? • So what must the first step be? Do it. • Now what must be achieved? • • Any half? If not, how pick the appropriate half? How do your final results compare with starting? 36 Your brain: A lousy place to do your thinking 37 • You can do a lot of fuzzy math (and fuzzy biology and fuzzy chemistry and fuzzy...) up there • Drawing/speaking/writing forces precision; reveals missing links Mitosis and Cell Division 38 • What are homologous chromosomes? Show me a chromosome and it’s homolog • How does cell know they go together? • Show mitosis! Put an * next to any diploid cell! 39 What comes after mitosis? 40 Clear your mind • Go outside & take a lap around the floor (Come back in 5 minutes!) • Yeah. Go 41 Meiosis: the other cell division Why have sex? • Suppose I’m Jack Sprat; you’re my wife. • I have the mutant form of the fat-eating gene; you of the lean-eating gene • If we reproduce asexually (mitotically), how long until some descendant can eat a whole pig? • If sexually, i.e. by taking parts of our holdings & throwing them together in an offspring? 42 Meiosis 43 • Why have sex? • What do you want the cells to look like at the end of meiosis? • How much are you ‘like’ your mom and dad? • Do ‘mother’ chromosomes have to stay together? Show Me How it’s Done! Room 430 Room 420 Room 450 Room 460 44 Dances with Genes • First, make a copy--b/c that’s the way it happens • Pair the pairs: duplicated mom’s & dad’s contributions pair 45 Meiosis - Recombination Where should the circled site on Chromo1 recombine with Chromo2? 1 2 3 Show Me How it’s Done! Room 430 Room 420 Room 450 Room 460 47 48 Meiosis - Recombination • Now we’ve recombined; how to separate? • When you’re a gamete, go fuse with a classmate • Stop by and show me the genotype 49 Clean up Room 430 Room 420 Room 450 Room 460 Blinding you with Science (jargon) II • Linked/Linkage: Referring to whether genes are tethered to one another by virtue of being ‘close’ on a chromosome • Linked: referring to the resulting behavior of traits encoded by such genes 50 Get in your group around a Computer! • Load Gameter don’t log in, just play with the program • Interface walk-through: designing the parentals • A & B close together on Chromosome II, A further to the right than B, A/A and b/B 51 Gameter • Explore • • • • • • • One meiosis 200 meioses Move ‘em around and try again Observe Hypothesize Test Evaluate 52 Homework 53