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Repro Intro
CHAPTER 21
Reproductive System
FUNCTIONS OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Accomplish reproduction
–

Creation of new life
Manufacture hormones
–
–
Females – estrogen and progesterone
Males – testosterone
FERTILIZATION

Coitus- Intercourse

Sperm production- Male’s contribution

Ovum (egg)- Female’s contribution

Fertilization (egg and sperm combine) occurs
and results in a zygote, a fertilized egg. It takes place in the
fallopian tube.
FERTILIZATION

DNA- All inherited traits are determined at
fertilization with 50% from each parent. The
child’s sex determined by the father.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries: Primary sex organ, releases ovum. Process is
called ovulation.
 Fallopian tubes: Carries ovum to uterus
 Uterus: Hollow, muscular pear shaped organ. Cervix is
the narrow neck of the uterus. Zygote implants and
develops.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Menstruation is the breakdown of
the endometrium (lining of the
uterus) if the zygote does not
implant or if fertilization
does not occur.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.

Vagina: Receives penis during intercourse and
birth canal during delivery

External female genitalia (vulva) includes labia
and clitoris
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.
Breasts- Produce nourishment for baby after
birth to ensure survival.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM STRUCTURES
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Testes: Primary sex organ for men
 Epididymis: Stores sperm until they mature
 Scrotum: Tissue sac that holds the testes
and epididymis, contracts and expands
to regulate temperature of testes for
sperm production

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.

Vas deferens and seminal vesicles: Tubes that carry
sperm
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.

Prostate gland: Size of a chestnut, contracts
to close the urethra to stop urine and aid in expulsion of
semen
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.

Semen: Mixture of sperm and fluids to aid
ejaculation and impregnation

Penis: External sex organ used to transfer
semen to the female
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Erection: Penis fills with blood to stiffen for
insertion into vagina

Ejaculation: Semen leaves
penis via the urethra
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM STRUCTURES
CONTRACEPTION

Some Religious and ethnic groups prohibit

Abstinence: Only method 100% effective

Used as a reason for avoiding pregnancy
CONTRACEPTION, CONT.

Methods of contraception vary from drugs
(birth control pills or injections), to mechanical
methods (condoms, IUDs, diaphragm),
to timing (rhythm method-coordinated with
menstrual cycle)
INFERTILITY
When conception does not occur after trying for one year
 In vitro fertilization (IVF): Ovum fertilized outside of the
body and transferred to the uterus

EFFECTS OF AGING – FEMALE

Decreased estrogen and progesterone
production

Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity and a
decrease in vaginal secretions
MENOPAUSE
When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
 End of childbearing

MENOPAUSE, CONT.

Commonly occurs between 45 and 55 years of age

Psychological changes include depression
and irritability
EFFECTS OF AGING – MALE

Sexual response is slower

Obtaining and maintaining an erection
becomes more difficult

Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size and
sperm level decreases
EFFECTS OF AGING – MALE, CONT.

Testosterone level decreases
DISORDERS – FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Amenorrhea: Absence of a menstrual cycle
DISORDERS – FEMALE, CONT.
 Premenstrual
syndrome (PMS): A group of
physical and emotional symptoms occurring one to
two weeks prior to the start of menstruation.
DISORDERS – FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Menorrhagia:
Excessive or prolonged menstrual
bleeding
 Endometriosis:
Uterus tissue outside of the uterus
in the abdominal cavity
 Dysmenorrhea:
Painful menstruation
DISORDERS – FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.
 Fibroid
tumors: Non-cancerous growths
in the wall of the uterus
DISORDERS – FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.
 Breast
tumors: Second most common form
of cancer in females after skin cancer
 Cervical
cancer: Cancer of the neck of the uterus.
INFECTIONS – FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CONT.
 Toxic
shock syndrome: Potentially
life-threatening staph infection
 Vaginal
yeast infections: Typically occurs as
a result of antibiotic use
DISORDERS – MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Epididymitis:
Infection that causes pain and
swelling of the groin and scrotum
 Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)- caused by
changes in hormone levels resulting in difficulty
starting to urinate, a weak stream and nocturia.
o Impotence/erectile dysfunction (ED): Inability
to obtain, or maintain, an erection. Most causes
are physical
o Prostate cancer:
Cancer of the
prostate gland
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS)
 Also
known as venereal disease
 Passed during childbirth or during an
exchange of body fluids
 Many have no symptoms
STIS, CONT.

Prevention includes the use of barriers
and avoidance of contact

Condom is the only contraceptive that protects
against STIs.
STIS, CONT.

Chlamydia: Most commonly transmitted and
presents with no symptoms in most people

Genital warts or human papillomavirus
(HPV): Most commonly sexually transmitted virus.
Immunization available for males and females.
STIS, CONT.

Gonorrhea: Bacterial, painful urination and
pus discharge
STIS, CONT.

Genital herpes: Virus, causes lesions (sores)
on the genitalia
STIS, CONT.

Syphilis: Potentially life threatening
bacteria infection
STIS, CONT.

Trichomoniasis vaginitis: Protozoan infection
that causes itching and burning of the urethra
and vagina
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Zygote: United sperm and ovum. 0-2 weeks (from
conception)

Embryo: Cell growth. 2-10 weeks

Fetus: Development of organs. 10 weeks to birth.
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Infancy: Most dramatic changes of growth

Toddler- Walking begins

Preschool- Learning about self
and world
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

School-age- Formal education occurs

Adolescence- Beginning of puberty
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Early adulthood- Career, leaving to start a home,
child rearing
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Middle adulthood- Child rearing, empty nest

Older adulthood: Many emotional and social
adjustments
GENETICS TERMS
 Genetics:
Study of how genes are transmitted from
parents to offspring
 Mutations:
 Human
Change in a gene or chromosome
genome: Mapping of genes and
chromosomes
on human DNA
GENETICS TERMS, CONT.

Genotype: The two genes that represent
a characteristic such as eye or hair color

Phenotype: What the characteristic looks like
(dark, blonde or red hair)
GENETICS TERMS, CONT.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
 Number 23 indicates gender.

XX means female
 XY means male

GENE MUTATIONS
Occurs randomly in any cell occasionally
 Somatic cell mutation-Change in body cells
such as skin cells
 Chromosomal mutation- Change in the
number of chromosomes
 Mutagenic agent – speeds up the rate of
mutation; ex: radiation (x-rays, UV), chemicals

LETHAL GENES
Inherited mutations are generally
negative happenings to the
individual
 An inherited gene that results in death is a
lethal gene
 The time at which lethal genes exert their
deadly influence varies from zygote stage to an adult

LETHAL GENES
Each person may carry 2-3 different
recessive lethal genes
 Two similar recessive genes must be present
in an individual for the gene to be expressed
 Common ancestry are more likely to share
many genes which increases the chances of
stillbirths and genetic disorders

HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS
Can be genetic (from the parent’s genes)
or congenital (during development)
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.

Phenylketonuria (PKU): Caused by an enzyme
deficiency where the body cannot break down
the amino acid alanine. The build-up causes
mental retardation due to lack of brain
development
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
 Sickle
cell anemia: Common in people of
African descent where a defect in the
hemoglobin molecule changes the RBC to a
crescent shape.
This causes a clumping of RBCs and
a decrease in oxygen being carried.
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
Tay-Sachs disease: An enzyme deficiency causes
a build-up of lipids in the brain causing death a
few years after birth.
• Common in people of Central/Eastern European
Jewish descent
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy:
A disease where muscles lose protein
and are replaced by fat and connective
tissue resulting in death by age 20.
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.

Huntington’s disease: The central nervous
system breaks down resulting in abnormal
movements and mental deterioration
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS
Cystic fibrosis:
Thick mucus is excreted that blocks the
respiratory passages; also can cause
bronchitis and pneumonia
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
Thalassemia:
A form of anemia that occurs in
people of Mediterranean descent
that results in congestive
heart disease.
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
Hemophilia:
A sex linked (occurs on the X chromosome)
disorder that results in the person’s
blood being unable to clot
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
Chromosomal aberrations:
Missing or extra chromosome

Turner’s Syndrome: Missing Y chromosome (XO)
results in abnormal female sexual development

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome: Extra X chromosome
(XXY)
Males are infertile, with less muscles,
less facial hair and broader hips
HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS, CONT.
Trisomy 21: Down’s syndrome, an extra
chromosome at #21 resulting in mental
retardation and changes in physical formation
ADVANCES IN GENETICS
 Genetic
engineering: Manipulation of genes
A gene is isolated, modified and
reintroduced to change a characteristic.
Used for insulin, human growth hormone
and interferon (interferes with virus
replication)
ADVANCES IN GENETICS, CONT.
Gene therapy: Correcting defective genes. Done 3 ways
 A normal gene is inserted
 A normal gene is swapped for an abnormal gene
 An abnormal gene is changed through reverse
mutation
GENETIC COUNSELOR
Genetic counseling is the process of helping
people understand and adapt to the medical,
psychological and familial implications of genetic
contributions to disease.
This process integrates:
-Interpretation of family and medical histories to
assess the chance of disease occurrence or
recurrence.
GENETIC COUNSELOR
-Education about inheritance, testing,
management,
prevention, resources and research.
-Counseling to promote informed choices and
adaptation to the risk or condition.

In order to become a Certified Genetic
Counselor (CGC©), one must obtain a Master’s
degree in Genetic Counseling
GENETIC COUNSELOR


The median annual wage for genetic counselor
is $67,500. Depending on location, experience
and other factors, salaries range from $44,000
to $100,000
Employment of genetic counselors is projected
to grow 41 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations.
NURSE MIDWIFE

Diagnose and coordinate all aspects of the
birthing process, either independently or as
part of a healthcare team. May provide wellwoman gynecological care. Must have
specialized, graduate nursing education.
NURSE MIDWIFE

Nurse midwives must earn at least a master’s
degree in one of the APRN roles. They must
also be licensed in their state and pass a
national certification exam.
NURSE MIDWIFE


Median wages for nurse midwives is $97,000.
Wages will range from $66,000 to $129,000.
Employment of nurse midwives is expected to
grow 31 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster
than the average for all occupations. Growth will
occur primarily because of the effects of
healthcare legislation and an increased emphasis
on preventative care.
CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGIST

Performs microscopic analysis for cytogenetic
studies on biological specimens from cell
cultures. Studies include hematological
disorders, fertility problems, chromosome
analyses for prenatal diagnosis, and congenital
birth defects.
CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGIST

Responsibilities include slide preparation,
photomicroscopy, microscopy, computer
image analysis, karyotyping, culturing and
harvesting procedures, and result reporting.

Requires a bachelor's degree and a certificate
in cytogenetics or clinical genetics.
CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGIST

The median annual wage for cytogenetic laboratory
technologists was $57,580 in May 2012. The lowest
10 percent earned less than $39,580, and the highest
10 percent earned more than $78,900.

Employment of cytogenetic technologists and
technicians is projected to grow 22 percent from
2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all
occupations.
THE END