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Heredity Group National Academies NorthStar Summer Institute for Undergraduate Science Education Summer 2012 Note that the photos and diagrams in this presentation were acquired from various sources and there may be copyright issues with them. Participants • Bernd Fritzsch, University of Iowa • Erin Irish, University of Iowa • Bao Vang, University of Minnesota • Steven Ralph, University of North Dakota • Kathy Sukalski, University of North Dakota • Jim Tucker, Wayne State University Facilitators • Brad Williamson, University of Kansas • Brett Goodwin, University of North Dakota This unit is part of an undergraduate introductory biology course for majors Background information students are expected to know: • DNA is the material of heredity; Central Dogma • The following concepts: gene; allele; simple dominant and recessive relationships • How to use a Punnett square Goal # 1: Be able to distinguish between genotypes and phenotypes Goal # 2: Explain and predict how genotypes and the environment interact to produce phenotypes 1-1 Be able to differentiate among recessive, dominant, and semi-dominant traits (BT=2) 1-2 Be able to demonstrate and analyze how alleles interact to produce phenotypes (Punnett Square) (BT=3 & 4) 1-3 Be able to explain, interpret, and predict the biochemical mechanisms by which cells express their genotypes to produce phenotypes (BT=5) 1-4 Be able to evaluate and predict the impact of epistatic gene interactions on phenotypes (BT=6) Red cells are covered with surface markers (antigens that happen to be sugars). The sugars are added sequentially to the cells by enzymes. Very important to know before doing a blood transfusion. H gene product O A allele A & B alleles B allele A AB B Ruth, blood type A, has a child, Mark, with O blood type. She suspects that Paul is the father. Blood tests reveal that Paul is AB. Can he be absolved of parental responsibilities with that result? A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient information Objectives 1.1 and 1.2 Paul AB A B A Ruth A A or O AA AA or AO AB AB or BO Horace might be Mark’s (AB) father. His blood type is B. Can he be ruled out? (Ruth, the mom, is A) A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient information Objectives 1.1 and 1.2 Which of the following must be true in order to explain the ABO phenomenon? (Hint: More than one must be true!) A is dominant to O A is dominant to B B is dominant to O B is dominant to A O is dominant to A O is dominant to B Which of the following must be true in order to explain the ABO phenomenon? (Hint: More than one must be true!) A is dominant to O A is dominant to B B is dominant to O B is dominant to A O is dominant to A O is dominant to B Design a Punnett square for William and Lilith’s family On your own – 1 minute With a partner -2 minutes Propose a mechanism to explain the case Objectives 1.3 and 1.4 H gene product Epistasis O A allele A & B alleles B allele A AB B Goal # 1: Be able to distinguish between genotypes and phenotypes Goal # 2: Explain and predict how genotypes and the environment interact to produce phenotypes (2-1) Be able to identify traits that are under the control of multiple alleles (BT=2) (2-2) Be able to illustrate and interpret how environments and genotypes interact to produce phenotypes (BT= 3) (2-3) Be able to examine data and articulate how a single genotype can influence multiple phenotypes (BT=4) Melanin is a pigment produced by an enzyme called tyrosinase out of the tyrosine L-Tyrosine Tyrosinase L-DOPA Tyrosinase Dopaquinone Melanin L-Tyrosine Tyrosinase Melanin L-Tyrosine Tyrosinase Melanin Skin Cancer On the previous slide, which of the following environmental factors is the most likely cause for skin cancer? A.) diet B.) sunlight exposure C.) temperature D.) cigarette smoking Write a one minute summary of the relationship between skin cancer, melanin density and UV exposure. Generate a graph that illustrates this relationship Tyrosinase produces melanin • tyrosinase comes in multiple alleles Tyrosinase is influenced by • environmental factors such as UV • Other genes (were not discussed) Genotype results in multiple phenotypes • Cancer • Vitamin deficiencies (were not discussed) Summary of Genotypes to Phenotypes Flower color Red Blood types A Pink B AB White O Skin color Discrete distributions of traits; 1 gene, 2 - 3 alleles Continuous distribution; multiple genes/alleles • Genes produce specific products including enzymes • Enzymes produce phenotypes • Genes can interact via epistasis to modify phenotypes • Environment acts on genotype to influence