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Science PSSA Keys to success Scientific Method What is “testable” Good investigations/experiments have a control and variables Sample size matters Be able to interpret graphs and charts Systems and Cycles Open loop systems ◦ Allow energy and mass in and out ◦ Water cycle (ocean), Rock cycle (volcano), Nitrogren cycle (soil), Carbon cycle (animal) Closed loop systems ◦ Allow energy in and out but not mass ◦ Earth, thermostat Systems & Cycles Energy is cycled through the universe in an open loop Matter is cycled through the Earth in a closed loop (Earth is a closed system) Laws Law of conservation of energy ◦ Energy cannot be created or destroyed (it can be transformed) Law of conservation of matter/mass ◦ Matter/mass is always conserved Human effects on environment Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources Fossil fuels Agriculture ◦ IPM Genetics DNAchromosomesgenes allelestraits Genotypes – alleles or genes for a trait ◦ Can be dominant or recessive Phenotypes – physical appearance Punnett Squares Punnett Square Genotypes: Aa Phenotypes: all Red Ecology & Ecosystems Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers Food webs and trophic pyramids are used to show energy flow Know: ◦ Succession ◦ Predator, prey and competitor Adaptation & Evolution Adaptations increase an organism’s chance of survival ◦ Camoflauge All organisms evolve – change – it is called natural selection Humans use selective breeding to change traits in animals Chemistry In a chemical change you get a new substance The periodic table groups elements by their properties Forces Balanced forces do not affect an object’s motion Unbalanced forces do affect an object’s motion Simple machines make work easier by increasing the mechanical advantage – changing the size or direction of a force Geology Rocks are either igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic and can change into one another in the rock cycle. Landforms are made by plates colliding or separating, volcanoes, earthquakes, glaciers, erosion etc. Water & Weather Watershed – area that drains into a body of water Wetland – swampy area good at filtering pollution Ocean currents influence land climates High pressure – clear skies Low pressure – cloudy and rainy Salt water is more dense than fresh Convection Currents cause: Warm air to rise and cold to sink in the atmosphere (changes weather, causes Global winds) Warm water to rise and cold to sink in the ocean (causes density currents) The movement of magma in the asthenosphere (causes lithospheric plates to move) Clouds Solar System Earth’s tilt and revolution create seasons Moons phases are caused by moon revolving around the Earth Know Solar and Lunar eclipses All objects in the universe have gravity (Law of Universal Gravitation)