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Macromolecules
Honors Biology
Biochemistry Unit
Essential Question
What are the major macromolecules and
what purpose does each serve?
Warm-Up Activity
Get together with an elbow partner and
discuss the following:
Name the four main macromolecules and the
main purpose/function of each
Be ready to share what you discussed with
the class
Organic Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
A macromolecule is a larger
molecule (polymer) built by
putting together smaller
single units (monomers).
Carbohydrates
What are some examples you can think
of?
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
for living things
Plants and some
animals use
carbohydrates for
structural purposes
Carbohydrates – fuel and building
material
Made up of C, H, and O
Ratio is 1:2:1
Three types:
C:H:O
1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides
Number of sugar molecules attached determines category



mono- one
di- two
poly- more than two
Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together,
also has hydrogen bonds
Carbohydrates Continued
Condensation forms polymers
Hydrolysis breaks down polymers
Monosaccharides
Are major sources of energy for cells
Ex. Glucose – cellular respiration
Found in other carbohydrates as well as
other organic macromolecules (amino and
fatty acids)
Most common monosaccharides: glucose,
fructose, galactose
Activity
Discuss what you know about glucose,
fructose, and galactose with your neighbor
Be ready to share your answer!
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Glucose:
Fructose:
Galactose:
*made during photosynthesis
*main source of energy for
plants and animals
*found naturally in fruits
*is the sweetest of
monosaccarides
*found in milk
*is usually in association with
glucose or fructose
Diaccharide
Disaccharide – two monosaccharide
bonded together.
table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose
and fructose bonded together,
milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and
galactose
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide – more than two
monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic
bonds
 Serve as storage material or building material
Storage (ex: starch, glycogen)
Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin)
A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide
with 12 or more monosaccharide units.
Pasta and starches are polysaccharide
 Potatoes are a starch
Chemical Identification of
Carbohydrates
Benedict’s Test: Identifies the presence of a
MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to
orange in the presence of heat
Iodine Test : Identifies the presence of a
POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to
purple/black
Process of Elimination: If there is no
reaction with either the Benedict’s or Iodine
Tests, then a DISACCHARIDE is present.
Carbohydrate Summary
Elements
1C:2H:1O (ex. C6H12O6 )
Building Block
Monosaccharides (ex. Glucose +
fructose)
Bonds
Different forms
Hydrogen
Examples/
Common Names
Sugars & starches; cellulose
Importance/
Functions
Immediate energy
Other
Tests: Benedict’s, Iodine
Monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide
What macromolecules are
these?
Lipids (fats and oils)
Used to store energy
Some lipids are important parts of
biological membranes and waterproof
coverings
nonpolar, does not dissolve in water
contains ≥CH:O
Covalent bonds
Lipid Structure
Lipid molecules are made up
of fatty acids (3) and glycerol
Unsaturated fat- a fat that
contains at least one carboncarbon double bond (it is
liquid at room temperature)
Saturated fat- a fat without
one carbon-carbon double
bond (solid at room
temperature)
Saturated fat
Unsaturated fat
(oil)
Chemical Identification
Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a
translucent stain on brown paper bags
(grease stain)
Solubility in a polar and nonpolar
substance
Water and ethanol
Lipid Summary
Elements
≥2CH:O (ex. C57H110O6)
Building Block
Fatty acids + glycerols
Bonds
Covalent
Different forms
Fats, oils, waxes
Examples/
Common Names
Importance/
Functions
Other
Fats, oils, waxes
Energy storage, insulation,
protective coatings, cell membr.
Tests: brown paper, solubility in
nonpolar substances (ex. Ethanol)
Nucleic Acid
What are the two types?
Why are they the most complex
macromolecule?
Nucleic Acids
Store and transmit hereditary or genetic
information
(RNA and DNA)
RNA- ribonucleic acid
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA has a double helix structure
DNA
Nucleic Acid Structure
Nucleic Acids are made
up of nucleotides
bonded together
(phosphodiester bond),
also has hydrogen bonds
Nucleotides consist of 3
parts
 5-carbon sugar
 A phosphate group
 And a nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acid Summary
Elements
CHONP
Building Block
Nucleotides(nitrogen base +
sugar + phosphate)
Phosphodiester
Hydrogen
DNA & RNA
Bonds
Different forms
Examples/
Common Names
Importance/
Functions
Other
DNA, RNA, ATP
Stores cellular information in a code
(heredity), DNA & RNA form proteins
Most complex biol. compound
Which macromolecule do
these represent?
Proteins
Proteins control the rate of
reactions and regulate cell
processes.
Proteins are used to form
bones and muscles
Proteins transport
substances into or out of
cells or help to fight
disease
Made from CHON and
sometimes S
Protein Structure
There are four levels of structure in a protein
The primary structure of protein:
 ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded
together by peptide bonds****
Amino
acids
Amino Acid
Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH2 and
a carboxyl end (COOH)
20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins
Protein Structure
•(1)Primary Structureamino acid sequence in
a polypeptide chain
•(2)Secondary
Structure- polypeptide
chains hydrogen
bonded into a helix form
•(3)Tertiary Structureone complete protein
chain clumped up
•(4)Quaternary
Structure- many protein
lumps stuck together
Chemical Identification
Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in
Protein
Blue colored solution turns purple in the
presence of peptide bonds
Intensity = Concentration of protein
Protein Summary
Elements
CHON and sometimes S
Building Block
Amino acids (20)
Bonds
Peptide bonds hold aa together
Different forms
Includes enzymes
Examples/
Common Names
Importance/
Functions
Other
Hair & muscle, enzymes
Structure & function, immune system,
chem reactions, build tissue
Test: Biuret
Carbon Macromolecules
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Proteins
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,