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Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve? Warm-Up Activity Get together with an elbow partner and discuss the following: Name the four main macromolecules and the main purpose/function of each Be ready to share what you discussed with the class Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids A macromolecule is a larger molecule (polymer) built by putting together smaller single units (monomers). Carbohydrates What are some examples you can think of? Carbohydrates Main source of energy for living things Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes Carbohydrates – fuel and building material Made up of C, H, and O Ratio is 1:2:1 Three types: C:H:O 1. monosaccharides 2. disaccharides 3. polysaccharides Number of sugar molecules attached determines category mono- one di- two poly- more than two Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together, also has hydrogen bonds Carbohydrates Continued Condensation forms polymers Hydrolysis breaks down polymers Monosaccharides Are major sources of energy for cells Ex. Glucose – cellular respiration Found in other carbohydrates as well as other organic macromolecules (amino and fatty acids) Most common monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose Activity Discuss what you know about glucose, fructose, and galactose with your neighbor Be ready to share your answer! Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Glucose: Fructose: Galactose: *made during photosynthesis *main source of energy for plants and animals *found naturally in fruits *is the sweetest of monosaccarides *found in milk *is usually in association with glucose or fructose Diaccharide Disaccharide – two monosaccharide bonded together. table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose and fructose bonded together, milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and galactose Polysaccharide Polysaccharide – more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bonds Serve as storage material or building material Storage (ex: starch, glycogen) Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin) A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with 12 or more monosaccharide units. Pasta and starches are polysaccharide Potatoes are a starch Chemical Identification of Carbohydrates Benedict’s Test: Identifies the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in the presence of heat Iodine Test : Identifies the presence of a POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to purple/black Process of Elimination: If there is no reaction with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a DISACCHARIDE is present. Carbohydrate Summary Elements 1C:2H:1O (ex. C6H12O6 ) Building Block Monosaccharides (ex. Glucose + fructose) Bonds Different forms Hydrogen Examples/ Common Names Sugars & starches; cellulose Importance/ Functions Immediate energy Other Tests: Benedict’s, Iodine Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide What macromolecules are these? Lipids (fats and oils) Used to store energy Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings nonpolar, does not dissolve in water contains ≥CH:O Covalent bonds Lipid Structure Lipid molecules are made up of fatty acids (3) and glycerol Unsaturated fat- a fat that contains at least one carboncarbon double bond (it is liquid at room temperature) Saturated fat- a fat without one carbon-carbon double bond (solid at room temperature) Saturated fat Unsaturated fat (oil) Chemical Identification Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a translucent stain on brown paper bags (grease stain) Solubility in a polar and nonpolar substance Water and ethanol Lipid Summary Elements ≥2CH:O (ex. C57H110O6) Building Block Fatty acids + glycerols Bonds Covalent Different forms Fats, oils, waxes Examples/ Common Names Importance/ Functions Other Fats, oils, waxes Energy storage, insulation, protective coatings, cell membr. Tests: brown paper, solubility in nonpolar substances (ex. Ethanol) Nucleic Acid What are the two types? Why are they the most complex macromolecule? Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information (RNA and DNA) RNA- ribonucleic acid DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid DNA has a double helix structure DNA Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides bonded together (phosphodiester bond), also has hydrogen bonds Nucleotides consist of 3 parts 5-carbon sugar A phosphate group And a nitrogenous base Nucleic Acid Summary Elements CHONP Building Block Nucleotides(nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate) Phosphodiester Hydrogen DNA & RNA Bonds Different forms Examples/ Common Names Importance/ Functions Other DNA, RNA, ATP Stores cellular information in a code (heredity), DNA & RNA form proteins Most complex biol. compound Which macromolecule do these represent? Proteins Proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Proteins are used to form bones and muscles Proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease Made from CHON and sometimes S Protein Structure There are four levels of structure in a protein The primary structure of protein: ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds**** Amino acids Amino Acid Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH2 and a carboxyl end (COOH) 20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins Protein Structure •(1)Primary Structureamino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain •(2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains hydrogen bonded into a helix form •(3)Tertiary Structureone complete protein chain clumped up •(4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck together Chemical Identification Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in Protein Blue colored solution turns purple in the presence of peptide bonds Intensity = Concentration of protein Protein Summary Elements CHON and sometimes S Building Block Amino acids (20) Bonds Peptide bonds hold aa together Different forms Includes enzymes Examples/ Common Names Importance/ Functions Other Hair & muscle, enzymes Structure & function, immune system, chem reactions, build tissue Test: Biuret Carbon Macromolecules Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins which contain which contain Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,