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Transcript
V. Mutations Mutations Unfortunately, nature isn’t always perfect. What happens when things go wrong? A. What is a mutation? 1. A change in genetic material a) Gene (point) mutationa change in a single gene b) Chromosomal mutationa change in the number or structure of the chromosome B. Gene (point) Mutations 1. To illustrate gene mutations, we’re going to use this sentence as an example: THEDOGBITTHECAT THE DOG BIT THE CAT 2. Point mutations: a change in one or a few nucleotides on a DNA strand 3. 3 specific types we will discuss include: a) silent mutation b) substitution c) Frameshift mutation (insertion & deletion) 4. Silent Mutations a) Silent mutations: mutations that change the DNA sequence, but don’t change the amino acid sequence produced in protein synthesis. – This has NO effect on an organism. Why? THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE KAT 5. Substitution Mutation a) Substitution mutations do change the sequence. THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR 6. Frameshift Mutations a) Two types of frameshift mutations: – Insertions – Deletions b) Frameshift mutations cause MAJOR changes to the amino acid sequence – since the sequence is still read in groups of three. 6. Frameshift Mutations we’re going to insert another “D” THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DDO GBI TTH ECA we’re going to delete this “D” THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE OGB ITT HEC AT_ C. Chromosomal Mutations 1. Deletions: occurs when a chromosome breaks and a piece of a chromosome is lost. Chromosomal Mutations 2. duplication– occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and is incorporated into another chromosome. Chromosomal Mutations 3. translocation – occurs when parts of two different chromosomes swap positions. Chromosomal Mutations 4. Inversions – occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off, turns around, and reattaches in the reverse order. D. How to become a mutant… 1. Can I become a mutant? a) Yes, but not like the comics. b) Some mutations are inherited but others occur later in life as a result of mutagens. c) Mutagens are things that can cause a change in DNA sequences. • • • Radiation Chemicals (think teenage mutant ninja turtles) High temperatures Monster DNA • Using the knowledge that you have gained this unit, follow the directions on the WS to create your monsters! Homework • Monster DNA
