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Chemistry of Life Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns Reading the Periodic Table 8 O Atomic Number – Number of protons and electron in an atom Symbol Atomic Weight – Number of protons plus the 16.00 number of neutrons 4 Most Common Elements in Living Things Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Inorganic vs. Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules – Molecules that do not contain carbon Organic Molecules – Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen – Make up living things – Produced by living things Properties of Matter Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space Physical Properties – Physical characteristics of an object Color, taste, texture, scent, etc. Chemical Properties – Chemical makeup of an object Properties of Matter Phases of Matter – Solid – Liquid – Gas Properties of Matter Physical Changes – Change in physical appearance – Change in phase of matter Chemical Changes – Change in the chemical makeup – Usually involves a flame or oxidation Physical or Chemical Change? Rusting of iron Melting of glass Evaporation of water Combustion of gasoline Freezing of water Cookies burn When sugar is broken down by your cells for energy Sugar dissolves in water Chemical Change Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Physical or Chemical Change? Melting sugar to make candy Chopping nuts Plant makes sugar by photosynthesis Gelatin solidifies to form Jello Wood is burned in a campfire Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Atoms vs. Molecules Atoms – Only one atom of a particular element – Ex. C, H, O, N, P Molecules – A combination of 2 or more atoms – Ex. H2O (water), NaCl (salt), C6H12O6 (glucose), O2 (oxygen gas), CO2 (carbon dioxide) Atoms vs. Molecules CO2 He O2 C6H12O6 Ca Cl2 H2 C12H22O11 Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Molecule Properties of Water Cohesion – The attraction between molecules of the same substance Adhesion – The attraction between molecules of different substances Properties of Water Types of Mixtures – Solution Mixtures with equally distributed Solute = the substance that is dissolved Solvent = the substance in which the solute is dissolved – Suspension Mixtures of water and nondissolved substances Element vs. Compound Element – Pure – Only one type of atom Compound – Molecule with more than one type of atom Element vs. Compound CO2 O2 NH3 C12H22O11 N2 C6H12O6 HCl NaCl H2 Compound Element Compound Compound Element Compound Compound Compound Element What is an organic compound? Contains carbon Usually contains hydrogen Is formed by living things Makes up the structures of living things Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules CO2 O2 NH3 C12H22O11 N2 C6H12O6 HCl NaCl CH4 Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Inorganic Organic Organic Compounds Macromolecules – Macro = large – Large molecules made up of smaller molecules Monomers – The smaller units that combine to form macromolecules Polymers = many monomers bonded together – Poly = many Organic Compounds 4 types – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Concept Map Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen which contain which contain Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Carbohydrates Sugars, starches, glycogens, celluloses Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen – 1:2:1 ratio Monomer = Monosaccharide – simple sugars Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides joined together Carbohydrates Functions – Store energy – Release energy – Structural support (for plants) Glucose = energy rich Cellulose = support for plants Chitin = exoskeletons Starch & glycogen = energy storage – Starch – plants, glycogen – animals Suffix –ose = sugar – Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, sucrose Carbohydrates Common Carbohydrates – Sucrose – table sugar – Glucose – Maltose – Lactose – milk sugar (produced only by mammals) Simple carbohydrates often dissolve in water Lipids Fat, oil, wax, pigments, steroids Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen – Contain much more hydrogen than oxygen Monomers = Glycerol & Fatty Acids G L Y C E R O L Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Lipids Functions – Fats and Oils: energy storage – Fats – lard, butter; Oils – olive oil, peanut oil Scent Taste – Waxes: waterproofing protection for skin, fur, feathers, fruit, and leaves – Uses – candles, polishes, cosmetics – Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes Lipids Functions – Pigments: Coloring – Chlorophyll: green (leaves and stems of plants) – Carotenoids: orange (daffodils, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin) – Xanthophylls: yellow (lemon) Lipids Functions – Steroids: Regulate body functions – Cholesterol: made in the liver – Vitamin D: needed for strong bones and teeth – Cortisone: reduces swelling – Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics in men – Estrogen: secondary sexual characteristics in women – Progesterone: allows women to be pregnant Lipids Insoluble in water In general, used for: – energy storage Contain 2 times as much energy as carbohydrates – protective coatings – insulation Proteins Make up at least 50% (dry weight) of an organism’s body Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Monomer = Amino Acids – 20 types of amino acids – 1000s of types of proteins Formed through dehydration synthesis Forming proteins are called polypeptides (and the monomers are connected with peptide bonds) Proteins Functions – Enzymes Control chemical reactions in the body Digest food – Ex. Sucrase – Hormones Regulate body functions – Ex. Insulin, growth hormones – Storage proteins Store some energy – Ex. Egg whites – Toxins – Ex. Botulism, venom Proteins Functions – Transport Proteins Carry materials throughout the body – Ex. Hemoglobin – Structural Proteins Make up body structures – Ex. Hair, muscle, collagen, silk – Antibodies Help to fight infection Found in blood Proteins - Enzymes Control chemical reactions – Lower activation energy of the reaction The amount of energy required to make the reaction begin – Act as a catalyst A part of the reaction that is not consumed or changed Proteins - Enzymes Parts of Chemical Reactions – Reactants The materials going into the reaction – Products The materials produced in the reaction Factors Affecting Enzyme Function – Temperature Too low = slows enzymes down Too high = denatures (breaks down) enzymes – pH – Enzyme Concentration – Substrate Concentration Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information – The “instruction manual” for an organism Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous Monomer = nucleotides – 4 types of nucleotides Nucleic Acids Functions – Code for the order of amino acids to form proteins – Store and transmit genetic information Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – Contain all of the genetic material (genes) of an individual Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) – Copies sections of DNA and translates that information to produce proteins during protein synthesis Nucleic Acids Nucleotides contain: – A 5 carbon sugar – A phosphate group – A nitrogen base Adenine (DNA & RNA) Thymine (DNA ONLY) Cytosine (DNA & RNA) Guanine (DNA & RNA) Uracil (RNA ONLY) Nucleic Acids Nitrogen Base Pairing – In DNA Adenine – Thymine Cytosine – Guanine – In RNA Adenine – Uracil Cytosine – Guanine Nucleic Acids Facts – Nucleic Acids are named for their 5-carbon sugars Deoxyribonucleic Acid = deoxyribose Ribonucleic Acid = ribose – DNA Everyone has different DNA Double stranded Shaped like a ladder – Double helix – RNA Single stranded Organic Compounds 4 types – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Organic compounds are macromolecules Organic compounds are also called polymers – Polymers are made up of monomers The process of combining monomers to make polymers is called polymerization