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Q: What’s the difference between atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds? A: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together. Compounds are made up of two or more elements. B. What is everything made of? • Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler carbon oxygen hydrogen substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________ element • Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________. • Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2) ______________ _______________________ atoms • Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. compound Smallest particle of a __________________ Carbon Compounds Essential Questions 1. 2. What nutrients do all living things need? What are the building blocks of cells? 1. The author states that “no other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.” (p. 44). Describe three different things carbon can do that makes it useful to living things. Can join with other elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. Can join with other carbon atoms to form chains, rings Can form millions of big, complex structures. 2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Finish for homework! 18. Use the information from questions 1-17 to fill in the summary table below: Carbohydrates Lipids Elements Categories/Forms Functions Google search Food Sources Proteins 3. What chemical elements make up carbohydrates? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates: a. b. c. d. Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates. Living things use them as their main source of energy. Sugar molecules are made up of starch molecules joined together in chains. Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity. monosaccharides 5. Single sugar molecules are also called __________________ 6. Circle the letter of each monosaccharide. a. galactose b. glycogen c. glucose d. fructose 7. What are polysaccharides? Chain of monosaccharides, bunch of sugars joined together. 8. How do animals and plants store excess sugar? Animals store as glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) in the liver Plants store excess sugar as starch 9. What elements are lipids mostly made of? Carbon and hydrogen (some oxygen too) 10. What are three common categories of lipids? waxes oils Fats a. ________________ b. ______________ c. _____________ 11. Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living things: a. b. c. d. As parts of biological membranes To store energy To give plants rigidity As chemical messengers 12. What elements are nucleic acids made up of? Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus 13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things? Store genetic information, traits passed from parents to offspring. 14. What are two kinds of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA 15. What chemical elements make up proteins? Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen amino acids. 16. Proteins are made of smaller molecules called ____________ 17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things? Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ Make muscle, bone, cells, and tissues c. ________________________________ Transport things in and out of cells Help fight diseases (antibodies) d. ________________________________ 18. Use the information from questions 1-17 to fill in the summary table below: Carbohydrates Elements Categories/Forms Functions Food Sources Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Starches, sugars Main source of energy Breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potato, dairy Lipids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Fats, oils Store energy Meat, dairy, fried foods Proteins Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Enzymes, antibodies, etc. Form cells & tissues, control rates of chem rxns, fight disease Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dry beans Ingredients for Life: Carbon https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=fXIFDHUr4QE Questions? Polymers Monomer = __one____ unit molecule Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ units Fatty Acids Saturated Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperature Unsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. Fatty Acids Saturated Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Unsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. Fatty Acids Saturated Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature Unsaturated Found in plants, usually __liquid______ at room temperature. Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated? _________________________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated? ______saturated_________________ Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated? ______saturated_________________ Why? ____saturated fats are solid at room temp., easier to form clots and clog arteries.___________________________ _________________________________ Clogged arteries How do living things use lipids? Fat, storage of energy. Makes up cell membranes Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes? Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes? They don’t mix with water, keeps membrane from dissolving in water oil water What foods are good sources of lipids? Meat, dairy, fried foods ______________________________ Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and n__________. Polymer made up of a______ acids Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___. Polymer made up of a______ acids Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___. Polymer made up of amino__ acids Amino Acids: Building Blocks of P____________ 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. Amino Acids: Building Blocks of __Proteins_____ 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. Amino Acids How do living things use proteins? 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e________________. How do living things use proteins? 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive enzymes__________. How do living things use proteins? 2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, m___________ How do living things use proteins? 2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, _muscle______ How do living things use proteins? 3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. h______________ 4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________ How do living things use proteins? 3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____ 4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________ How do living things use proteins? 3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____ 4. Fight infections, e.g. antibodies_______ How do living things use proteins? 5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells How do living things use proteins? 5. Movement, e.g. muscle________ cells How do living things use proteins? 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell m___________________ How do living things use proteins? 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell _membranes___________ Protein Structure The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what they can do) Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary (1st level) Secondary (2nd level) Tertiary (3rd level) Quaternary (4th level) Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together. Secondary Structure 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table….. β-Pleated Sheet α-Helix Tertiary Structure 3D structure of polypeptide chain Like what a coil of copper wire looks like in 3-dimensional space. Quaternary Structure Sum of all polypeptide chains joined together to form whole protein molecule. Each different color section = 1 polypeptide What foods are good sources of protein? Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beans ______________________________ Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: _____________ and _______________ Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: _____________ and _______________ Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________ Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring Most common forms: ______DNA____ and ______RNA______ Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acids 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid U_____________ genetic code Genetic blueprint Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Universal_______ genetic code Genetic blueprint Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body. How sugar affects the brain http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-sugar-affects-the-brainnicole-avena?utm_source=TEDEd+Subscribers&utm_campaign=6124d2a12a2013_09_219_19_2013&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0 _1aaccced48-6124d2a12a-46516589