* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download macromolecules
Survey
Document related concepts
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Size-exclusion chromatography wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Glyceroneogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
MACROMOLECULES A Brief Review •What are the 4 major macromolecules? •How are they made or broken down? •What are they made of? •What are they used for? Macromolecule Basics: • “MACRO-” = LARGE • large biological molecules • “building blocks” for life • 4 macromolecules: • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids • All but lipids are POLYMERS • Polymer - a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds • Monomer – repeating units of a polymer • ANALOGY = a train How are macromolecules made and broken down? • Synthesis = made • Dehydration (condensation) reaction – 2 monomers are covalently bonded together through a LOSS of a WATER molecule • Decomposition = broken down • Hydrolysis (hydration) – covalent bonds between monomers are broken by the ADDITION of WATER • Reverse of dehydration! CARBOHYDRATES • AKA: “sugars”, saccharides • Serve as FUELS, sources of carbon, and structural support • Composed of “CHO” • Name ends in “-ose” • 2 trademarks of sugars: • a carbonyl group (>C=O) • multiple hydroxide groups (-OH) GLUCOSE CARBOHYDRATES • Carbs can be classified by the number of monomers that comprise the sugar: • Monosaccharides - “simple sugars” • Examples: glucose; fructose; galactose Reaction?? • Disaccharides – consists of 2 monosaccharides • glucose + glucose = maltose • glucose + fructose = sucrose • Polysaccharides (“complex carbs”) – consists of many monosaccharides (usually more than 8) • examples: starch or glycogen LIPIDS • LARGE molecules that are not polymers! ? • All are hydrophobic & consist mostly of hydrocarbons. • Composed mostly of “CHO” • Have less oxygen atoms than carbs. ? Types of LIPIDS: • 3 major groups: • Triglycerides – “fats” & “oils” • FUNCTIONS: long-term energy storage, protection, & insulation. • Made up of: • 1 glycerol – an alcohol AND • 3 fatty acids – long C skeleton (of hydrocarbons) + a carboxyl group • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats/oils? • Phospholipids – • Function: major component of cell membranes!!!! • Structure: • similar to triglycerides, but only has 2 fatty acid tails • “TAIL” – nonpolar; hydrophobic • 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group • “HEAD” – polar; hydrophilic • Steroids – • Structure: characterized by 4 fused rings of carbon skeletons • Functions: regulate growth & development (hormones) PROTEINS basic structure R = ?? Amine group? Carboxyl group? • Account for approx. 50% of the dry mass of cells! • Composed mostly of “CHON” • Basic structure?? • Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations (shapes). • Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids polypeptides protein The MANY Functions of Proteins! • Structural support (collagen & elastin make connective tissues; keratin makes hair, feathers, & horns) • Energy storage (ovalbumin-egg whites; casein-milk; plants & seeds) • Transport of other substances (hemoglobin and red blood cells) • Signaling within an organism (nerve cell transmission; insulin-regulates blood sugar) • Movement (actin & myosin-muscle contraction) • Defense against disease (antibodies) • As ENZYMES: regulates metabolism (catalase-breaks down H2O2) Nucleic Acids • Composed mostly of “CHONP” • Are composed of monomers called nucleotides. • Each nucleotide contains: • A nitrogenous base (N) • A pentose (CHO) • A phosphate group (P) • 2 types of nucleic acids: • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)