Download Chemistry for Biotech

Chemistry for Biotech
everything you need to know (for now)
biochemistry
• Atoms—we don’t usually work with
individual atoms
• Molecules—small and usually
inorganic; includes water (H2O),
carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2),
and sodium chloride (NaCl).
– Most of the molecules we’ll talk about
are much larger—a dozen to billions of
atoms in size
molecules
• Water
– Important because about 75% of
the mass of a cell is water
– Amount of water in the cell
determines the concentrations of
other substances
– The medium in which the cell
exists
Organic chemistry
• CARBON!!!
– Covalent bonds
– Single, double, triple bonds with itself
– Can form chains and rings
– Nearly infinite numbers of
combinations
• Lots of functional groups
macromolecules
• Tend to be polymers
–Poly = _____; mer = _____
• Made up of smaller units
called monomers
–Mono = _____; mer = _____
macromolecules
• 4 main classes:
–Carbohydrates
–Lipids
–Proteins
–Nucleic acids
macromolecules
• Any organic molecule is essentially a
carbon core to which specific groups
of atoms (functional groups) are
attached
• Even though the 4 types of
macromolecules are made of
different subunits (monomers) they
are all put together/taken apart using
the same processes
macromolecules
PUTTING TOGETHER MONOMERS
• Dehydration synthesis
• Requires energy
• Accomplished by using enzymes
• Remove an –OH group and a H+
• TRY THIS!!!
macromolecules
TAKING APART POLYMERS
• Hydrolysis (hydro·lysis)
• Releases energy
• Accomplished by using enzymes
• TRY THIS!!!
macromolecule
examples
monomers
Carbohydrates
Sugars, starches,
cellulose, chitin,
Simple sugars
(monosaccharides)
Lipids
Fats, oils, waxes,
steroids
Glycerol & fatty acids
Muscle, hair, enzymes,
adrenaline, melanin
Amino acids
DNA & RNA
nucleotides
Proteins
Nucleic acids
carbohydrates
• C, H, & O
–(usually) 1:2:1
• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Energy storage
• Structural
monosaccharides
• Monomers
– Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose,
etc.
Glucose, an example
•
•
•
•
C6H12O6
monosaccharide/simple sugar
carbon atoms are numbered
remember, 3-D!!!
disaccharides
• Sucrose, lactose, &
maltose, etc.
• = two monosaccharides
www.suggestkeyword.com
polysaccharides
• Long polymers composed of many
monosaccharides
• Plant starch (amylose), animal
starch (glycogen), cellulose, chitin,
etc.
Lipids
• Chemicallly very different from
carbohydrates
• Hydrophobic
• 3 groups:
– Triglycerides—animal fats & plant oils
• Energy storage
– Phospholipids—cell membranes
– Steroids—hormones, venoms, pigments
proteins
• 75% of dry mass of the cell
• Typical cell produces >2000 different
proteins
• =what it’s all about—what you are
• Made up of amino acids
• Amino acid sequence = polypeptide
– Folding of polypeptide chain
determines the action of the protein
Amino acids
• Core of a central carbon atom
attached to
– Amino group (-NH2)
– Carboxyl group (-COOH)
– R-group
nucleic acids
• Code for the production of proteins
– Direct the production of all cellular
molecules
• DNA & RNA
• Monomers are ______________
• DNA located…
– eukaryotic
– prokaryotic