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Transcript
Cellular Respiration Turning Food into usable energy • Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to make food, but plants and animals need a way to change food into smaller packets of usable energy. Digestion review • The entire purpose of the digestive system is to break down food into ATP and smaller molecules that can be used by the body. What is the strangest thing that you have ever eaten? Measuring energy in foods • How do we measure the energy that is potentially available in the food that we consume? • To measure this energy foods are burned. • This energy is measured in units called calories. Calories • A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by ____ oC. food component energy density kcal/ g kJ/ g fat 9 37 ethanol (alcohol) 7 29 proteins 4 17 carbohydrates 4 17 organic acids 3 13 polyols (sugar-free sweeteners) 2.4 What kinds of calories do foods have? • MacDonald’s Big Mac? 485 • Vanilla Bean, Like It© • Reese’s pieces • Fudge 400 170 110 • In n Out Double Double 670 • Fries 115 • Calories in and of themselves are not bad. Calories simply tell us how much potential chemical energy is in a food. Mitochondria Mitochondria Basic equation for respiration • C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + ATP • What is familiar about this equation? Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Pyruvic acid Glucose Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Electron Transport Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion ATP production can occur with oxygen or without oxygen Glucose O2 Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport No O2 Fermentation Alcohol or lactic acid Glycolysis Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain To the electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Lactic acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeasts + other organisms • pyruvic acid +NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD • Humans, animals, others • pyruvic acid +NADH lactic acid + CO2 + NAD Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production Totals Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP 36 ATP for per glucose Other energy sources • Proteins and lipids can be broken down and enter respiration during the Kreb’s cycle or glycolysis. Efficiency • About 38% of the potential chemical energy in food is converted into usable ATP • The rest of that potential energy is given off as heat. • A good analogy is the gasoline in a car engine. The car uses the gasoline to power the pistons but only some of the potential energy is used to make the car move. Much of the energy is given off as heat! Anaerobic respiration Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Lactic acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeasts + other organisms • pyruvic acid +NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD • Humans, animals, others • pyruvic acid +NADH lactic acid + CO2 + NAD