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Transcript
Revisiting Genetics Start with the cell • The cell is the basic building block of organisms. • We have about 100 trillion cells that perform various tasks (e.g. muscle and nerve cells). • All our cells have common features. One of your cells Inside the nucleus • Genetic information is in the nucleus and is organized into chromosomes. • Each chromosome contains different genes that carry instructions to make proteins. Chromosomes Genes are arranged into precise locations along the length of 23 pairs of much larger structures called chromosomes. A chromosome is coiled DNA and proteins called histones. About DNA/RNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid: The components of DNA are called nucleotides. They are guanine (G), cytosine, thymine, adenine) RNA = ribonucleic acid similar to DNA except it has a uracil nucleotide rather than a thymine. Two strands of DNA form a double helix structure in which an A base always joins with a T base, and a G always with C. More on DNA • DNA is organized in groups of three nucleotides called a codon – each codon encodes for a specific amino acid, the building blocks of proteins. (review amino acids) Proteins DNA carries the genetic code for making proteins. Proteins essentially keep organisms going with their many important functions. Proteins make the difference between the hair on your head, the wool on a sheep, the feathers on a bird and the scales on a fish. More on proteins • Proteins are made of different combinations of 20 amino acids. We have over 100,000 proteins that carry out vital functions. • Two proteins can have the same 50 amino acids but in a different order = different function. Before proteins are made…. • DNA replicates itself just prior cell division so that the genetic code is passed on. • Part of the original DNA strand remains and a new strand is made. (called semi-conservative replication) Making proteins The DNA double helix is unwound leaving two single strands ready for transcription. Transcription The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA (the photocopy). Translation The genetic information is used to make proteins . (video)
