Download Biochemistry

Life Functions – Synthesis and Nutrition
Recall
 The elements that are most needed for ORGANIC
compounds are ___________________
 Organic is any compound that contains both
____________________________________
 Inorganic is missing one or both or those elements
 What is the most abundant INORGANIC compound in
our bodies?
 ___________________________
Basic Carbon compounds
Recall
 Hydrogen needs __________ bond
 Oxygen needs __________ bonds
 Nitrogen needs __________ bonds
 Carbon needs __________ bonds
 Thus giving us the __________ rule…
Functional
Groups
Carbonyl – COH
________________
– OH
_______________–
COOH
________________–
NH2
________________–
OPO3
There are four Organic Families
 __________________________
 Monomer – glucose
 Polymer - starches
 __________________________
 Monomer – glycerol + 3 fatty acids
 Polymer – fats + oils
 __________________________
 Monomer – amino acids
 Polymer – proteins + enzymes
__________________________
Ie – DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates - Saccharides
 Primary source of energy – Glucose (monomer)
 Made of CHO
 Hydrogen and oxygen is found in a __________ ratio
 For example:
 ______________– C6H12O6 – 12:6 = 2:1
 Sucrose – C12H22O11 – 22:11 = 2:1
 Polysaccharide – C36H60O30 – 60:30 = 2:1
 Sugars end in - _____________
Types of carbohydrates
 Monosaccharide – simple sugar
 Disaccharide – double ring sugar
 Polysaccharide – many rings
 Important polysaccharides
 ______________ – energy storage in animals
 ______________– energy storage in plants
 ______________– cell walls of plants
 ______________– exoskeleton of insects
Glucose - monosaccharide
Sucrose - disaccharide
Dehydration synthesis
 How to MAKE a di- from a mono Dehydration synthesis –
 ______________ means take out water
 ______________– means to make
 Take out water to make a bond
 Two monosaccharides can combine by removing a
water molecule
Hydrolysis
 ______________ means water
 ______________ means to break
 Using water to break a bond
 Hydrolysis is the opposite of Dehydration synthesis
Lipids – fats and oils
 Lipids are very nonpolar/ hydrophobic molecules and
tend to repel water.
 Contains CHO but not in any ratio
 Has a lower oxygen content then carbs storing more
________________________________
 Monomers – fatty acids and glycerol
Important Lipids
 ______________– energy storage
 ______________– cell membranes
 ______________– hormones
 ______________– supports cell membranes
 ______________– digestion of fats
 (like disolves like : soap is made of fat which will break
down cell membranes of micro-organisms)
Making and breaking down of lipids
 Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
 To dissolve fats – like using soaps (dawn commercial)
Proteins
 Responsible for
 ______________– chemical messengers like insulin/
glucagon
 ______________– like hemoglobin and carrier proteins
 ______________– physical support – collagen
 Contractile – movement – actin/ myosin (muscles)
 ______________– immune defense – immunoglobulins
 ______________– biological catalysts – amylase, lipase,
ATPase
Monomer
 ______________ ______________ are the building
blocks of all proteins
 There are 20 amino acids that combine to make over
millions of possibilities
 For example: a peptide (another name for protein) that
has only 4 amino acids each amino acid has 20
possibilities so 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 = 160,000 possibilities
for just that one 4 amino acid combo.
 Amino acids end in - ine
Structure of a protein
 Again – in order to make bonds you take out water – to
break bonds you add water
 The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of
amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are
called ______________ bonds
 The secondary structure is either an ______________
or ______________ sheet. This depends on the
primary structure
Structure
 ______________ structure is characterized as
______________ due to bonding between side chains
of the various amino acids and depends on secondary
structure.
 The final ______________ level brings ______________
______________ together.
Tertiary
Structure
Enzymes
* ______________ ______________
* Specialized proteins that allow reactions to occur
 Increase the rate of the ______________
 Lowers the ______________ energy rate of a reaction
 Does not affect the ______________ energy change of
the reaction
 Are not changed or consumed in the reaction
 ARE SPECIFIC for the reaction they work with
How enzymes work
 ______________ bond with an ______________ =
products are released and an enzyme is
______________
Lock and key model
Activation energy
Helpful Enzymes
 Enzymes are named after what they work on
 They always end in ase
 ______________– works on protein
 ______________– works on lipids
 ______________ / amylase – works on carbohydrates
 ______________– works on lactose
Enzymes are specific
 Specific for (and have an optimum)
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
 SO TO CHANGE THE RATE OF REACTION you
would change
 Temperature
 pH
 Amount of substrate or enzyme
Effect of…
Enzymes have an OPTIMUM pH
and Temperature – anything above
or below that the enzyme activity
decreases!
pH
Temperature
Amount of Substrate or Enzyme
You reach a saturation point where even increasing the amount of
what you testing doesn’t matter – the other is a limiting factor!
Enzymes
 Enzymes are found in laundry detergents as well –
since specific for temperature need to aware of
optimum temperature of detergent
Nutrition in humans
 We need all of these organic families to function at
peak performance
 Diets can be dangerous
Nutrition
 Cutting out an organic family – “because it’s fattening
can damage internal organs or decrease amount of
ATP available
 “Carbs are bad for you!”
 EVERYTHING IN MODERATION – Increase activity
to increase metabolism –
 All help make ATP
Cellular
Respiration
Metabolism and nutrition
 Increasing your bodies demand for ATP –
 increase the amount of mitochondria –
 Therefore increasing the life function ______________
 (REMEMBER metabolism is the sum of all life functions –
 Increasing the speed of one of your life functions will
increase your metabolism!
 ON the flip side – skipping meals will SLOW DOWN
nutrition – slowing down nutrition – THEREFORE –
SLOWING down your metabolism!!!!!
 PS – Eating after a certain time doesn’t make you fat either!
– Your metabolism is your metabolism – just watch
calories!
Nucleic Acids
 Building block of DNA and RNA
 We will be going into detail of DNA in the next coming
units
 Made of a sugar, phosphate backbone – and a nitrogen
base.
 There are 4 nitrogen bases in DNA – A, G, T, C
 There are 4 nitrogen bases in RNA – A, G, U, C