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Transcript
Bellringer-November 20, 2014 1) What were the water properties for each example in the lab from yesterday? (there could be more than 1) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Paper clips in test tube Paper clip floating in Petri dish and soap added Temperature change in beakers Oil and Water Water in graduated cylinder Salt and water Colored water and carnation/celery Ice and water MACROMOLECULES You are what you eat! • SWBAT define macromolecule and name the four biological macromolecules found in all living organisms • SWBAT identify the monomers that compose each of the major macromolecules • SWBAT describe the main functions of each of the macromolecules Organic Molecules • What makes something organic? • Organic molecules contain carbon • Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon Which molecules are organic? Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers Polymer = “chain” Monomer = single “link” in polymer chain • Monomer – individual building block – Ex: One pearl = one amino acid • Polymer – chain of monomers – Ex: Pearl necklace = protein • Macromolecule – Huge molecules – Ex: Carbohydrates, Protein There are 4 macromolecules needed for life There are 4 macromolecules needed for life •Carbohydrates •Lipids •Proteins •Nucleic Acids Organic Substances of the Body - Overview Organic Compound Elements Building Blocks Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Simple sugars (monosaccharides) Lipids Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Glycerol and Fatty Acids Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Amino Acids Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Carbon, Hydrogen, Nucleotides Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Carbohydrates • What elements make up Carbs? – Carbohydrates are made up of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) Why are Carbs Important? • Short Term Energy Storage!! • Simple sugars are probably the largest source of cellular energy Carbohydrates • Specific Names: – Monosaccharide (1 unit) – Disaccharides (2 units) – Polysaccharides (3+ units) Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides Monomer = Monosaccharides Ex: Glucose – main fuel source for cell work Fructose – fruits; sweetest Galactose – milk All isomers - C6H12O6 glucose fructose galactose Carbohydrates • Shapes… Monosaccharide Disaccharides • • 2 monosaccharides bound together by dehydration synthesis Example: • Maltose (seeds) • Sucrose (table sugar) • Plant sap Molecule of Maltose sugar Carbohydrates • Shapes… Disaccharide Building Polymers: Dehydration Reaction • To build a polymer, we must link monomers – Example: 2 monosaccharides (glucose+ fructose) = 1 disaccharide (sucrose) • Removes a water molecule (gives off water) Breaking Polymers: Hydrolysis • Opposite of Dehydration Reaction • Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers • Water is added– water forces its way in and breaks bonds Polysaccharide • Polysaccharides – long chains (3+) of monosaccharides – Complex carbohydrates • Glycogen – how animals store sugar • Starch – how plants store sugar • Cellulose – structural support for plants; found in cell walls Carbohydrates • Shapes… Polysaccharide Proteins • Monomer = Amino Acids • AA made of C+H, Carboxyl group, Amino group + R group • 20 AA’s made from the different combo’s of the R group Peptide Bonds • AA’s connected by peptide bond (covalent) bonds via dehydration • 2 AA’s = Dipeptide • Many AA’s = Polypeptide = PROTEIN! Protein • FUNCTION: Your body uses protein to build and repair tissues. You also use protein to make enzymes, hormone, and other body chemicals. Protein is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. Other Protein Functions • • • • Muscle contraction Transporting oxygen in blood Immunization Metabolism What are Enzymes? • Special type of protein (a catalyst) that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy – Involved in most chemical reactions • Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things – Involved in almost every process, including: • Breaking down food (Amylase starch) • Destroying pathogens • Building molecules What is a Catalyst? • A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Think of jolly rancher water vs. saliva !!! How do Enzymes work? • Enzymes shape only allows specific reactants to bind – These reactants are called substrates – Ex: Amylase only breaks down starch Amylase is the enzyme and starch is the substrate • Substrate temporarily bind to enzyme at a specific place called the active site How do Enzymes work? • Lock & Key Analogy: – Lock = Enzyme – Key = Substrate • This is why if the shape of an enzyme changes, the enzyme may not work at all! NOTE: Enzymes NEVER CHANGE SHAPE Enzyme Overview • Help us by: – Breaking down food (metabolism) in our mouths, digestive tracks, etc. – Putting together proteins, carbohydrates, etc – Overall immune system (kills pathogens) • Enzymes work best when: – Optimal pH - too acidic/basic bonds break – Optimal temperature too hot, enzymes denature • This is why you don’t feel good when you have a fever Enzyme is RECYCLED!! Never used up or destroyed Breaking down Reaction Building Reaction Denaturation • Bonds break if pH is acidic/basic or if temperature is too high/low – Denaturation • If the structure denatures, the enzyme will no longer work properly Examples 1) 2) 3) 4) Amylase-breaks down starch Lactase-Breaks down lactose Lipases-Breaks down fat Catalase-Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Lipids • Consist of non-polar covalent bonds – Hydrophobic (oil-water) • No TRUE monomer – Smaller than true polymers – Not all made of the same repeating units Types of Lipids • Phospholipids – 2 FA chains with glycerol; in membranes • Triglyceride = 3 FA’s bonded to glycerol molecule • Steroids – 4 fused C rings Ex. Hormones and/or cholesterol Function of Lipids • Long-term energy storage • Insulation • Protection (membranes) Nucleic Acids • Monomer = Nucleotides – Phosphate – Sugar – Nitrogen Base • Examples: – DNA – RNA Function of Nucleic Acids • Stores genetic information • Gene – specific piece DNA that codes for specific protein of a