Download Biochemistry

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup

Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup

Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup

Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup

Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup

Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup

Enzyme wikipedia , lookup

Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
Biochemistry
Carbon Compounds

Why carbon?
–
–
–
Has four valence
electrons
These can join with four
more electrons from
other atoms
Can bond with other
carbon atoms
Macromolecules


Giant molecules
Formed by polymerization – large molecules
built by joining smaller ones together
–
–
Monomers: small units
Polymers: 3 or more small units together
Types of Macromolecules

Four groups of organic compounds
–
–
–
–
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates



Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
1:2:1 ratio of above elements
Living things use carbohydrates as main
source of energy
Carbs, cont.





Simple sugars = MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose, galactose (milk), fructose (fruits)
Large molecules = POLYSACCHARIDES
Glycogen = animal starch, in liver
Cellulose = plant starch
Lipids





Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
Fats, oils and waxes
Used to store energy
2 parts: glycerol and fatty acids
2 main types:
–
–
–
Saturated: maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated: at least 1 carbon to carbon bond
Polyunsaturated: more than one carbon to carbon bond
Nucleic Acids


Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, P
Store and transmit hereditary information
–
–

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; sugar is deoxyribose
RNA – ribonucleic acid; sugar is ribose
Monomers called nucleotides
–
3 parts:



5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Proteins


Macromolecules contain C, H, O, N
Polymers made of monomers called
–

Amino Acids (there are 20 of them)
Various jobs:
–
–
–
–
–
Control rate of reactions in cells
Regulate cell processes
Used to form bone and muscle
Transport substances in and out of cells
Help fight disease
Proteins, cont.

Four levels of organization
–
–
–
–
1. sequence of amino acids in a chain
2. can be twisted or folded
3. chain itself is folded
4. can have more than one chain, folded around
each other
Chemical
Reactions
Chemical Reactions

Process that changes one
set of chemicals into another
set of chemicals
–
–


Rust
Hydrogen and oxygen
Reactants: elements or
compounds that enter into a
chemical reaction
Products: elements or
compounds produced by a
chemical reaction
Energy in Reactions

Energy is either released or absorbed when
chemical bonds are made or broken
–
–

If release energy, occur spontaneously
If absorb energy, need a source of energy
In living things, need to carry out reactions
that require energy
–
–
Plants – sunlight
Animals -- food
Enzymes


Some chemical reactions in living things are
too slow, or too fast
Cells make catalysts
–
–

Speeds up rate of reaction
If energy too high then lowers that energy
Enzymes = proteins that act as biological
catalysts
–
Lowers the energy needed for a reaction to take
place
Enzymes, cont.


They are very specific; only works on one
chemical reaction
They get their name from the reaction
Enzymes in action
Enzyme Action

Enzyme-Substrate Complex
–
–


Enzymes provide a site
where reactants can be
brought together
Reduces the amount of
energy needed for reaction
Substrate = what is broken
down
Active site = where
substrate binds on the
enzyme

Lock-and-key model
Enzymes, cont.

What affects enzyme activity
–
–
pH
Temperature