Download Macromolecules - Ms Kim`s Biology Class

Bellringer-November 20, 2014
1) What were the water properties for each
example in the lab from yesterday? (there
could be more than 1)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Paper clips in test tube
Paper clip floating in Petri dish and soap added
Temperature change in beakers
Oil and Water
Water in graduated cylinder
Salt and water
Colored water and carnation/celery
Ice and water
MACROMOLECULES
You are what you eat!
• SWBAT define macromolecule and name the four biological
macromolecules found in all living organisms
• SWBAT identify the monomers that compose each of the major
macromolecules
• SWBAT describe the main functions of each of the macromolecules
Organic Molecules
• What makes
something organic?
• Organic molecules
contain carbon
• Inorganic molecules do
not contain carbon
Which molecules are
organic? 
Most macromolecules are polymers, built from
monomers
Polymer = “chain”
Monomer = single “link” in polymer chain
• Monomer – individual building block
– Ex: One pearl = one amino acid
• Polymer – chain of monomers
– Ex: Pearl necklace = protein
• Macromolecule – Huge molecules
– Ex: Carbohydrates, Protein
There are 4
macromolecules
needed for life
There are 4
macromolecules needed
for life
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
•Proteins
•Nucleic Acids
Organic Substances of the Body - Overview
Organic
Compound
Elements
Building Blocks
Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen
and Oxygen
Simple sugars
(monosaccharides)
Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen
and Oxygen
Glycerol and Fatty
Acids
Proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Amino Acids
Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and
Sulfur
Nucleic Acids
(DNA and RNA)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nucleotides
Oxygen, Nitrogen
and Phosphorus
Carbohydrates
• What elements make up Carbs?
– Carbohydrates are made up of Carbon (C),
Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
Why are Carbs Important?
• Short Term Energy Storage!!
• Simple sugars are probably the largest
source of cellular energy
Carbohydrates
• Specific Names:
– Monosaccharide (1 unit)
– Disaccharides (2 units)
– Polysaccharides (3+ units)
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Monomer = Monosaccharides
Ex: Glucose – main fuel source for cell work
Fructose – fruits; sweetest
Galactose – milk
All isomers - C6H12O6
glucose
fructose
galactose
Carbohydrates
• Shapes… Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
•
•
2 monosaccharides bound together by dehydration
synthesis
Example:
• Maltose (seeds)
• Sucrose (table sugar)
• Plant sap
Molecule of Maltose sugar
Carbohydrates
• Shapes… Disaccharide
Building Polymers:
Dehydration Reaction
• To build a polymer, we must link monomers
– Example: 2 monosaccharides (glucose+ fructose)
= 1 disaccharide (sucrose)
• Removes a water molecule (gives off water)
Breaking Polymers:
Hydrolysis
• Opposite of Dehydration Reaction
• Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers
• Water is added– water forces its way in and breaks
bonds
Polysaccharide
• Polysaccharides – long chains (3+) of monosaccharides
– Complex carbohydrates
• Glycogen – how animals store sugar
• Starch – how plants store sugar
• Cellulose – structural support for plants; found in cell walls
Carbohydrates
• Shapes… Polysaccharide
Proteins
• Monomer = Amino Acids
• AA made of C+H, Carboxyl group, Amino
group + R group
• 20 AA’s  made from the different combo’s
of the R group
Peptide Bonds
• AA’s connected by peptide bond
(covalent) bonds via dehydration
• 2 AA’s = Dipeptide
• Many AA’s = Polypeptide = PROTEIN!
Protein
• FUNCTION: Your body uses protein to build and repair
tissues. You also use protein to make enzymes,
hormone, and other body chemicals. Protein is an
important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage,
skin, and blood.
Other Protein Functions
•
•
•
•
Muscle contraction
Transporting oxygen in blood
Immunization
Metabolism
What are Enzymes?
• Special type of protein (a catalyst) that
speeds up chemical reactions by lowering
activation energy
– Involved in most chemical reactions
• Enzymes are catalysts for chemical
reactions in living things
– Involved in almost every process, including:
• Breaking down food (Amylase  starch)
• Destroying pathogens
• Building molecules
What is a Catalyst?
• A catalyst is a substance that speeds up
the rate of a chemical reaction by
decreasing the activation energy
needed to start a chemical reaction
Think of
jolly
rancher
water vs.
saliva !!!
How do Enzymes work?
• Enzymes shape only allows specific reactants to
bind
– These reactants are called substrates
– Ex: Amylase only breaks down starch  Amylase is the
enzyme and starch is the substrate
• Substrate temporarily bind to enzyme at a specific
place called the active site
How do Enzymes work?
• Lock & Key
Analogy:
– Lock = Enzyme
– Key = Substrate
• This is why if the
shape of an
enzyme changes,
the enzyme may
not work at all!
NOTE: Enzymes NEVER CHANGE SHAPE
Enzyme Overview
• Help us by:
– Breaking down food (metabolism) in our mouths,
digestive tracks, etc.
– Putting together proteins, carbohydrates, etc
– Overall immune system (kills pathogens)
•
Enzymes work best when:
– Optimal pH - too acidic/basic bonds break
– Optimal temperature too hot, enzymes denature
• This is why you don’t feel good when you have a
fever
Enzyme is
RECYCLED!!
Never used
up or
destroyed
Breaking down Reaction
Building Reaction
Denaturation
• Bonds break if pH is acidic/basic or if
temperature is too high/low
– Denaturation
• If the structure denatures, the enzyme will
no longer work properly
Examples
1)
2)
3)
4)
Amylase-breaks down starch
Lactase-Breaks down lactose
Lipases-Breaks down fat
Catalase-Breaks down hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen.
Lipids
• Consist of non-polar covalent bonds
– Hydrophobic (oil-water)
• No TRUE monomer
– Smaller than true polymers
– Not all made of the same
repeating units
Types of Lipids
• Phospholipids – 2 FA chains
with glycerol; in membranes
• Triglyceride = 3 FA’s
bonded to glycerol molecule
• Steroids – 4 fused C rings
Ex. Hormones and/or
cholesterol
Function of Lipids
• Long-term energy storage
• Insulation
• Protection (membranes)
Nucleic Acids
• Monomer = Nucleotides
– Phosphate
– Sugar
– Nitrogen Base
• Examples:
– DNA
– RNA
Function of Nucleic Acids
• Stores genetic
information
• Gene – specific piece
DNA that codes for
specific protein
of
a