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Cellular Respiration
Campbell Chapter 9
Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site
http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm
& Dr. Chuck Downing
http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx
http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
AUTOTROPHS
___________ use energy from
sunlight or chemicals to make
their own food
In the last chapter green plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
used ________________
sunlight
trap energy from __________
food (glucose)
and make ______________
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif
In this chapter we will learn how
HETEROTROPHS
______________
get their energy by
consuming other
organisms.
GLUCOSE
We get our energy from the __________
plants made during _______________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
when we eat plants or eat animals
that ate the plants.
http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
In this chapter, we will learn how this
broken down
glucose is ____________
by
energy
organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
ATP
What kind of organisms do this?
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
All organisms burn glucose for fuel
plants
fungi
Animals
(Including humans)
bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6___________
CO2 +6_________
H2O
+ ___________
C6H12O6 + __________
6O2
→_______________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + _________
6 CO2 + __________
6 H2O + __________
6O2 →________
_____________
The two equations are exact opposites!
______________________________________________________________
http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg
REMEMBER: OIL RIG
OXIDATION
Is Loss of electrons
Remove H
Releases energy
Exergonic
REDUCTION
Is Gain of electrons
Add H
Stores energy
Endergonic
OXIDATION
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Gain of hydrogen atoms
REDUCTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
happens __________
slowly
in ________________.
many steps
If all the energy was released in
one step… most would be lost as
____________________!
light and heat
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
THE BIG PICTURE PLAYED
OUT BEFORE YOUR EYES...
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcon
tent/animations/content/cellularrespi
ration.html
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step
• Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and
captured as ATP
• Electron route:
food → NADH → ETC → oxygen
Link to Example of Coupled
Reaction with Delta G Values
Look at middle of page Titled “How Free Energy Works” section: delta G
values are shown for ATP hydrolysis and NADH
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Cytochromes/cytoch
romes.html
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MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________
DOUBLE membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane
(called _______________ )
CRISTAE
Space between inner membrane
& outer membrane
= ____________________
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
MATRIX
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Text
ATP Synthase
inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions; therefore creates a
force/charge gradient or voltage difference; electropotential.
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HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS
FAD → FADH2
NAD+ → NADH
http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L104Bonner/Sp12/imagesSp12/L16/MPs.html
GREAT ANIMATION OF ELECTRON PUSH!! WATCH
THIS!!
The first step in cellular respiration
= _______________
GLYCOLYSIS
Also called
_________________________________
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
CYTOPLASM
• happens in the ________________
outside the mitochondria
• occurs _________________________
with or without oxygen
See glycolysis movie
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html
• Details of
glycolysis
Steps 1– 3A fuel
molecule is energized,
using ATP.
Glucose
Step
PREPARATORY
PHASE
(energy investment)
1
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
Arraugh!
Like, this
is way
hard!
Step 4A six-carbon
intermediate splits into two
three-carbon intermediates.
Step 5A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
4
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
6
Steps 6– 9ATP
and pyruvic acid
are produced.
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
5
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
7
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
8
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
Glycolysis
(GLYKOS = ________
sweet LYSIS= ___________
Split apart )
ENERGY
Requires ____________to
get it started.
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond of a substrate
(like glucose)MITOCHONDRION
to add a P
directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient.
(glycolysis is substrate-level
phosphorylation and NOT
very efficient)
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Cellular respiration
•Glycolysis:
cytosol;
glucose → pyruvate
•Kreb’s Cycle:
•mitochondrial matrix;
•pyruvate → CO2
•NADH made
Electron Transport Chain:
cristae;
NADH & FADH2 donate
electrons → oxygen
Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion
and Acetyl CoA produced
For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
1 molecule of CO2 is released;
NAD+ ---> NADH;
Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin)
Kreb’s Cycle =
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle Animation
OAA
CITRIC ACID
Kreb’s Cycle
• Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s
from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid
• CoA recycles
• 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2
For
2
3
1
each pyruvate that enters:
CO2 released
NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH;
FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2
(riboflavin, B vitamin);
1 ATP molecule
Electron transport chain
ATP Synthase: The machine
that keeps on turnin’........
• http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien
t/index.htm (great animation)
• Real in-vivo video of ATP synthase action
in live cell:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeHCAFKaWM8
• ATP cycle animation (slapping a phosphate on)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg
– Advanced animations (awesome if you have time) scroll
down to metabolic/respiration
» http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg
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Why don't both
electron carriers
make the same
amount of ATP?
NADH
More on Making ATP
FADH2
• 3 places in the chain
make ATP
• Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they
generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which
start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.
•
Electron
transport
chain
ETC includes
Cytochromes
Ubiquinone (Q)
• NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC
• Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in
__________________
intermembrane space
• ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back
into
thesynthase
matrix make ATP
ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation)
• ________ is final electron acceptor → ________
Oxygen
H2O
Cellular Respiration Grand Total
• Glycolysis: →2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:
2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP
2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP
6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP
2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP
38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
(-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)
NET of 36 ATP
WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Related metabolic processes
Fermentation:
• alcohol~
pyruvate →ethanol
• lactic acid~
pyruvate → lactate
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL + ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
• Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
• CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread
• Alcohol evaporates during cooking
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL+ ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Used to make
alcoholic beverages
http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens in muscles during exercise
when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens when bacteria are
used to make foods and
beverages like yogurt, cheese,
buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi
http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg
http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN,
PYRUVIC ACID
builds up
___________
and all the
NAD+ carriers get full.
_______
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID +_____
_______
+
CO
NAD
→ALCOHOL
__________ + ______
2 + _____
LACTIC ACID
+
NAD
______
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells
REGENERATE the NAD+
can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
__________________________
= organisms that can make ATP using
either fermentation or cellular respiration
Ex: yeast and many bacteria
With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle
Without oxygen → fermentation
Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel
Beta oxidation=
__________________=
breakdown of fatty acids
into 2 carbon fragments
that enter Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
1 g of fat → twice as much
ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate
Evolutionary Significance
• Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient
prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before
oxygen was present
• Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large
amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago
• Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound
organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells
since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes
(Endosymbiotic theory)
VOCAB OVERLOAD ?
CHEMIOSMOSIS
= Generation of ATP from a proton gradient.
It occurs in all living things
Chloroplasts
do it to make ATP
in light reactions
Mitochondria do it
to make ATP
following ETC
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html
Prokaryotes create
gradient across cell
membrane to make ATP
to pump nutrients & waste
and move flagella
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
= Using hydrogen gradient generated by
thylakoid membrane during the light
reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP
CHLOROPLAST
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
= using proton gradient created by electron
transport chain in cristae membrane to
make ATP
MITOCHONDRION
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond to add MITOCHONDRION
aP
directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient
Feedback mechanisms control cellular
respiration (All arrows are reversible)
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http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/glycolysis/glycolysis.htm
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Many Regulatory Steps Control Cell Respiration
• Main regulatory step in cell respiration occurs at
beginning during glycolysis.
• An enzyme called PFK (phosphfructokinase) plays major
role in regulating ATP production in Kreb’s.
• http://www.wiley.com/college/fob/quiz/quiz14/14-22.html
•
Allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase sets the pace of respiration.
•
This enzyme catalyzes the earliest step that irreversibly commits the substrate to
glycolysis.
•
Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme with receptor sites for specific
inhibitors and activators.
•
It is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP (derived from ADP).
◦
When ATP levels are high, inhibition of this enzyme slows glycolysis.
◦
As ATP levels drop and ADP and AMP levels rise, the enzyme becomes active again
and glycolysis speeds up.
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DNP: DiNitroPhenol; the “ATP uncoupler” (weight loss gone bad)
•
Uncoupling reagents (uncouplers)
are lipid-soluble weak acids. For
example, H+ (shown in red) can
dissociate from the hydroxyl group
of the uncoupler dinitrophenol.
•
Uncouplers dissolve in the
membrane, and function as
carriers for H+
•
This makes inner membrane of
mitochondria PERMEABLE to H ions
•
Uncouplers block oxidative
phosphorylation by dissipating the
H+ electrochemical gradient.
(There is no longer an electric
potential to PUSH the ATP
synthase).
•
The motion of H+ diffusion is lost
as heat and does NO WORK;
INCREASED FATTY ACID AND
AMINO ACID METABOLISM; LOW
ATP LEVELS AS GLYCOLYSIS IS
INCREASED; PFK NO LONGER
INHIBITED BECAUSE ATP LEVELS
ARE LOW...
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Protein Structure Flashback!!
PFK (Phosphofructokinase)
• http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/04700
03790/structure/pfk/pfk_intro.htm
• Example of ALLOSTERIC control; addition and removal
of phosphates is the #1 regulatory mechanism of
biological pathways.
• Enzymes that ADD a phosphate group are called
KINASES (“Kinetic/motion/”turn on”) because they
ACTIVATE another molecule.
• http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/yesterday/molbiochem/MB
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Web/mb1/part2/glycolysis.htm#animat2
CELL RESPIRATION RAP!!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk9
2uswY
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