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Transcript
Unit One “Science Introduction & Cellular Function” “Molecules of Life” Monomers and Polymers • Organic Molecule – a molecule formed by living organisms that consist of a carbon backbone with other elements bonded to it • All four categories of macromolecules, which are organic, are made from monomers that combine to form polymers • Macromolecules – very large molecules that are necessary for the maintenance of the structure and function of the cell • Monomer – a subunit or “train car” that when connected to others forms a polymer or “train” Monomers and Polymers • Polymer – a large molecule composed of many subunits (“train cars”) • All four categories of macromolecules connect their monomers (subunits) in the same way: – “Dehydration Synthesis” – making polymers from monomers • OH group is removed from one subunit and an H group is removed from the other subunit • Both the OH and H groups together compose water (H2O); this is why this process is called “Dehydration” • An enzyme (protein) is used to facilitate this reaction Monomers and Polymers • To breakdown a polymer the opposite of Dehydration Synthesis occurs and is called “Hydrolysis” – Hydrolysis – reducing a polymer to its monomer parts • An OH and H group are added to opposite sides of a subunit , therefore causing the polymer to be broken into its monomer parts Proteins • Monomer = Amino Acid • Polymer = Protein • 20 common amino acids which differ by their functional group • Amino Acids are linked by “Peptide Bonds” (a type of covalent bond), and are formed via Dehydration Synthesis • Long chains of amino acids linked by Peptide Bonds are called “Polypeptides” Proteins • The way in which proteins function is determined by the shape of the protein, which in turn, is determined by what monomers bond with each other • There are four levels of protein structure that determine functionality: – – – – Primary – long chain Secondary – long chain folds Tertiary – long chain folds and twists Quaternary – more than one polypeptide chain Proteins • Proteins can only function in a specific range in reference to temperature and pH • If the temperature is too high, or the environment is too acidic (low pH), then the protein unfolds and no longer functions = “Denatured” • Proteins are extremely important because they serve as the “local government”: they ensure the proper function of the cell • Tertiary Proteins are Enzymes • Enzymes act as catalysts, which govern cellular reactions Proteins Nucleic Acids • Monomer = Nucleotide • Polymer = Nucleic Acid (RNA & DNA) • The 5 Carbon Sugars of each Nucleotide are linked by Phosphate Groups to form Polynucleotide Chains = RNA and DNA • RNA is found in viruses, and both RNA and DNA are found in other species • RNA is single-stranded • DNA is double-stranded Nucleic Acids • Polynucleotide Chains (RNA and DNA) function is essentially that of a library: these macromolecules possess all the information necessary to both form an individual and maintain that individual throughout life Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates • Monomer = Simple Carbohydrate • Polymer = Complex Carbohydrate • Carbohydrates purpose is to serve as an energy supply for cells, and in some cases (polysaccharides), to serve as a structural support to organelles in cells • Simple Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides – one monomer/subunit, Glucose is an example C6H12O6 – Disaccharides – two monomers/subunits linked together via dehydration reaction, Lactose is an example Carbohydrates • Complex Carbohydrates – Polysaccharides – long polymer chains; Starch, Glycogen, Chitin, and Cellulose • Starch (plants) and Glycogen (animals) are storage macromolecules for energy when energy is not immediately needed by the organism’s cells • Cellulose (plants) and Chitin (animals) are carbohydrate macromolecules that assist with structural support of organelles within the organism’s cells Carbohydrates “Glucose” Lipids • • • • Monomer = Fatty Acids and Glycerol Polymer = Lipid or “Triglyceride” Lipids are “Fats” They are not soluble in water because of the chemistry of their structure • They are soluble in oil • Lipids are composed primarily of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms bonded to each other Lipids • Saturated Fat – each carbon is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as is possible • Unsaturated Fat – not every carbon is bonded to all hydrogens as is possible, and therefore, double and triple bonds form between carbon atoms • Lipids serve as long term energy storage for cells, and also serve as the primary component of all cells plasma membrane (barrier to outside world) Lipids