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Keystone Review Biochemistry Water pH Macromolecules of Life Living things rely on 4 macromolecules – – – – CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NULCEIC ACIDS Each macromolecule is made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. (mono means one. A macromolecule is a polymer (poly means many) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Building Block (Monomer) Monosaccharide Fatty Acid Amino Acid Nucleotide Monomer and Polymer Monomers are like legos… You can put them together in whatever way you dream up! Condensation reaction AKA Dehydration synthesis Carbohydrate •Used for short term energy in the body Carbohydrate polymers Cellulose a carbohydrate used for structure Glycogen use and storage Lipids – Long term energy storage Cell membrane phospholipids Lipids Can also insulate the body Protein THREE JOBS Provide structure—hair Support—muscles Speed up reactions Catalyst (type of protein) Speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed Enzyme pH – changes enzymes Temperature changes enzymes Concentration The amount of substrate limits the activity of the enzyme Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids hold information in code There are 2 types – DNA and RNA Nucelic acid Building block Nucleic acids are made up of building blocks called NUCLEOTIDES. DNA DNA is always found in the NUCLEUS, or center of the cell (in prokaryotes). – DNA is in the shape of a DOUBLE HELIX. RNA RNA can travel throughout the cell, because it carries INFORMATION on how to make PROTEIN and other vital cell parts. – RNA is generally a SINGLE STRAND. Water Polar molecule Oxygen & hydrogen share electrons but not equally Why is water “sticky” Hydrogen bonds The slight negative end and slight positive end of each water sticks to each other Properties of water Polarity Cohesion – – Surface tension Capillary action Adhesion Universal solvent High specific heat Less dense as a solid pH scale Runs from 0 to 14 Below 7 is acidic 7 is neutral Above 7 is basic Measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution