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Keystone Review
Biochemistry
Water
pH
Macromolecules of Life

Living things rely on 4 macromolecules
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–
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
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NULCEIC ACIDS
Each macromolecule is made up of smaller
building blocks called monomers. (mono
means one. A macromolecule is a polymer
(poly means many)
Macromolecule
(Polymer)
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Building Block
(Monomer)
Monosaccharide
Fatty Acid
Amino Acid
Nucleotide
Monomer and Polymer
Monomers are like legos…

You can put them
together in whatever
way you dream up!
Condensation reaction AKA
Dehydration synthesis
Carbohydrate
•Used for short
term energy in
the body
Carbohydrate polymers
Cellulose a carbohydrate used for
structure
Glycogen use and storage
Lipids – Long term energy storage
Cell membrane phospholipids
Lipids

Can also insulate the body
Protein
THREE JOBS
 Provide structure—hair
 Support—muscles
 Speed up reactions
Catalyst (type of protein)

Speeds up chemical reactions without being
consumed
Enzyme
pH – changes enzymes
Temperature
changes enzymes
Concentration
The amount of
substrate limits the
activity of the
enzyme
Nucleic Acid


Nucleic acids hold information in code
There are 2 types – DNA and RNA
Nucelic acid
Building block

Nucleic acids are made up of building blocks
called NUCLEOTIDES.
DNA

DNA is always
found in the
NUCLEUS, or
center of the cell
(in prokaryotes).
–
DNA is in the
shape of a
DOUBLE HELIX.
RNA

RNA can travel throughout
the cell, because it carries
INFORMATION on how to
make PROTEIN and other
vital cell parts.
–
RNA is generally a SINGLE
STRAND.
Water


Polar molecule
Oxygen & hydrogen
share electrons but
not equally
Why is water “sticky”


Hydrogen bonds
The slight negative
end and slight
positive end of each
water sticks to each
other
Properties of water


Polarity
Cohesion
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–
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Surface tension
Capillary action
Adhesion
Universal solvent
High specific heat
Less dense as a solid
pH scale





Runs from 0 to 14
Below 7 is acidic
7 is neutral
Above 7 is basic
Measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in
a solution