Download respiration 2010

How Cells Harvest Energy
What is energy in
biology?
ATP
What Is ATP?
Energy used by all Cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate bonds
What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
Energy needs of life
• Animals are energy consumers
– What do we need energy for?
•
•
•
•
•
synthesis
reproduction
active transport
movement
temperature control
Where do we get energy?
• Energy is stored in organic molecules
– carbohydrates, fats, proteins
• Animals eat these organic molecules  food
– digest food to get
• fuels for energy (ATP)
• raw materials for building more molecules
– carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?
By breaking
the highenergy
bonds
between the
last two
phosphates
in ATP
• http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Pack
ets/07%20Respiration/00%20Respiration-WHOLE.htm
• Cellular respiration (Bill nye & cowboy)
Regents Biology
What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H 2O
Using ATP to do work?
Cells can’t store ATP
 too unstable
 only used in cell
that produces it
 only short term energy
storage
 carbohydrates & fats are
long term
energy storage
ATP
work
ADP + P
A working muscle recycles over
10 million ATPs per second
Whoa!
Pass me
the glucose
& oxygen!
When is ATP Made in the
Body?
During a
Process called
Cellular
Respiration
that takes
place in both
Plants &
Animals
stored energy from glucose and storing it in
the high energy bonds of ATP.
“Burn fuels” to make energy
combustion
making heat energy by burning fuels in one step
fuel
(carbohydrates)
O2
CO2 + H2O + heat
respiration
making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels
in many small steps
ATP
food
(carbohydrates)
O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)
Cellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical
Energy
ATP
What do we need to make
energy?
• The “Furnace”
Make ATP!
Make ATP!
All I do all day…
And no one
even notices!
– mitochondria
• Fuel
– food
• carbohydrates,
fats, proteins
food
• The Helpers
– oxygen
• “aerobic”
– enzymes
O2
ATP
A Body’s Energy Budget
eat
food
ATP
synthesis
storage
{
{
{
• resting energy
• activity
• temperature
control
• growth
• reproduction
• glycogen
• fat
1. PHOTO is CWE-->GO
2. GO-->CWE makes ENERGY!
C= carbon dioxide
W= water
E= energy (light or ATP depending on which
formula)
G= glucose
O= oxygen
Regents Biology
Cellular Respiration
• There are two types of Respiration:
Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic
Respiration
• Some organisms use the Anaerobic
Respiration pathway, and some organisms
use the Aerobic Respiration pathway.
Anaerobes
• Anaerobes are organisms that use
the Anaerobic Respiration pathway
• Most anaerobes are bacteria (not all).
• Anaerobes do NOT require oxygen.
What if oxygen is missing? O
• Can’t complete aerobic respiration
– alcohol fermentation
• yeast
– glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol
– make beer, wine, bread
– lactic acid fermentation
• bacteria, animals
– glucose  ATP + lactic acid
– make yogurt
– animals feel muscle fatigue
but only make a
little bit of ATP!
2
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration does
NOT require oxygen!
The 2 most common forms of Anaerobic
Respiration are:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation, and
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
What is the difference between the two breads?
What was added to the bread to make it rise?
Yeast
Importance of Fermentation
• Alcohol Industry - almost every society has
a fermented beverage.
• Baking Industry - many breads use yeast
to provide bubbles to raise the dough.
Alcoholic Fermentation
is carried out by yeast,
a kind of fungus.
Alcoholic Fermentation
• Uses only Glycolysis.
• Does NOT require O2
• Produces ATP when O2 is not
available.
Alcoholic Fermentation
C6H12O6
(Ethyl Alcohol
or Ethanol)
2 C2H5OH +
2 CO2
As a result of Alcoholic
Fermentation,
Glucose is converted into 2
molecules of Ethyl Alcohol and 2
Molecules of Carbon Dioxide.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Glycolysis
Released into the environment
4 ATP’s are
produced
CO2
(C2H5OH)
Ethyl Alcohol (2C)
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Released into the environment
Glucose
(6 carbons)
2 ATP’s supply the
activation energy
CO2
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Ethyl Alcohol (2C)
(C2H5OH)
4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Uses only Glycolysis.
• Does NOT require O2
• Produces ATP when O2 is not
available.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Carried out by human muscle cells
under oxygen debt.
• Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes
fatigue, soreness and stiffness in
muscles.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glycolysis
4 ATP’s are
produced
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Lactic Acid (3C)
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Lactic Acid (3C)
Glucose
(6 carbons)
2 ATP’s supply the
activation energy
4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain
Fermentation
 Occurs when
O NOT present
summary
(anaerobic)
2
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in
muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in
yeast (produces ethanol)
Releases 2 ATP from the breakdown
of a glucose molecule
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
requires oxygen!
Aerobes
• Aerobes are organisms that use the
Aerobic Respiration pathway.
• Aerobes require oxygen.
There are three phases to
Aerobic Respiration ... they are:
1. Glycolysis (same as the glycolysis of anaerobic
respiration)
2. Krebs cycle (AKA - Citric Acid cycle)
3. The Electron Transport Chain
General Outline
Glucose
Glycolysis
Oxygen
Aerobic
Pyruvic Acid
No Oxygen
Anaerobic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
ETC
36 ATP
2 ATP
The First Stage of
Respiration for ALL living
organisms, anaerobes or
aerobes,
is called Glycolysis
and takes place in the
Cytosol (the liquid part of the
cytoplasm).
Glycolysis
• Function - to split glucose and produce
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid).
• Location – Cytosol (the liquid part of the
cytoplasm)
Reactants for Glycolysis
• Glucose
• 2 ATP…. As activation energy
• Enzymes
Glycolysis
4 ATP’s are
produced
Pyruvic Acid (3 Carbons)
Glucose
(6 carbons)
2 ATP’s supply
the activation
energy
Pyruvic Acid (3 Carbons)
4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain
Products of Glycolysis
• 2 Pyruvic Acids (a 3C acid)
• 4 ATP
Phase One: Glycolysis
(takes place in the cytoplasm)
Glycolysis
4 ATP’s are
produced
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Glucose
(6 carbons)
2 ATP’s supply the
activation energy
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain
Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of
Pyruvic Acid
Krebs Cycle & Electron
Transport Chain Summary
• 34 ATP Produced
• H2O Produced
• Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial
membrane
General Outline
Glucose
Glycolysis
Oxygen
Aerobic
Pyruvic Acid
No Oxygen
Anaerobic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
ETC
36 ATP
2 ATP
Where Does Cellular
Respiration Take Place?
• It actually
takes place in
two parts of
the cell:
Glycolysis occurs
in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle &
ETC Take place in
the Mitochondria
Harvesting energy stored in food
• Cellular respiration
– breaking down food to produce ATP
• in mitochondria (for aerobic respiration)
• using oxygen
– formula shows glucose, but
that is just an example
• could be other sugars, fats or proteins
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2
 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat
Comparing Aerobic
and
Anaerobic Respiration
• Aerobic Respiration– requires a mitochondrion and oxygen
– is a three phase process
• Anaerobic –
– does not require oxygen
– consists of one phase only-Glycolysis