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Transcript
How Cells Harvest Energy What is energy in biology? ATP What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate bonds What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY! Energy needs of life • Animals are energy consumers – What do we need energy for? • • • • • synthesis reproduction active transport movement temperature control Where do we get energy? • Energy is stored in organic molecules – carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Animals eat these organic molecules food – digest food to get • fuels for energy (ATP) • raw materials for building more molecules – carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the highenergy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP • http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Pack ets/07%20Respiration/00%20Respiration-WHOLE.htm • Cellular respiration (Bill nye & cowboy) Regents Biology What is the Process Called? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) H 2O Using ATP to do work? Cells can’t store ATP too unstable only used in cell that produces it only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage ATP work ADP + P A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals stored energy from glucose and storing it in the high energy bonds of ATP. “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step fuel (carbohydrates) O2 CO2 + H2O + heat respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps ATP food (carbohydrates) O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat) Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP What do we need to make energy? • The “Furnace” Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! – mitochondria • Fuel – food • carbohydrates, fats, proteins food • The Helpers – oxygen • “aerobic” – enzymes O2 ATP A Body’s Energy Budget eat food ATP synthesis storage { { { • resting energy • activity • temperature control • growth • reproduction • glycogen • fat 1. PHOTO is CWE-->GO 2. GO-->CWE makes ENERGY! C= carbon dioxide W= water E= energy (light or ATP depending on which formula) G= glucose O= oxygen Regents Biology Cellular Respiration • There are two types of Respiration: Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration • Some organisms use the Anaerobic Respiration pathway, and some organisms use the Aerobic Respiration pathway. Anaerobes • Anaerobes are organisms that use the Anaerobic Respiration pathway • Most anaerobes are bacteria (not all). • Anaerobes do NOT require oxygen. What if oxygen is missing? O • Can’t complete aerobic respiration – alcohol fermentation • yeast – glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol – make beer, wine, bread – lactic acid fermentation • bacteria, animals – glucose ATP + lactic acid – make yogurt – animals feel muscle fatigue but only make a little bit of ATP! 2 Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration does NOT require oxygen! The 2 most common forms of Anaerobic Respiration are: 1. Alcoholic Fermentation, and 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation What is the difference between the two breads? What was added to the bread to make it rise? Yeast Importance of Fermentation • Alcohol Industry - almost every society has a fermented beverage. • Baking Industry - many breads use yeast to provide bubbles to raise the dough. Alcoholic Fermentation is carried out by yeast, a kind of fungus. Alcoholic Fermentation • Uses only Glycolysis. • Does NOT require O2 • Produces ATP when O2 is not available. Alcoholic Fermentation C6H12O6 (Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol) 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 As a result of Alcoholic Fermentation, Glucose is converted into 2 molecules of Ethyl Alcohol and 2 Molecules of Carbon Dioxide. Alcoholic Fermentation Glycolysis Released into the environment 4 ATP’s are produced CO2 (C2H5OH) Ethyl Alcohol (2C) Pyruvic Acid (3C) Released into the environment Glucose (6 carbons) 2 ATP’s supply the activation energy CO2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) Ethyl Alcohol (2C) (C2H5OH) 4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain Lactic Acid Fermentation • Uses only Glycolysis. • Does NOT require O2 • Produces ATP when O2 is not available. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Carried out by human muscle cells under oxygen debt. • Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes fatigue, soreness and stiffness in muscles. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glycolysis 4 ATP’s are produced Pyruvic Acid (3C) Lactic Acid (3C) Pyruvic Acid (3C) Lactic Acid (3C) Glucose (6 carbons) 2 ATP’s supply the activation energy 4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain Fermentation Occurs when O NOT present summary (anaerobic) 2 Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired) Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol) Releases 2 ATP from the breakdown of a glucose molecule Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen! Aerobes • Aerobes are organisms that use the Aerobic Respiration pathway. • Aerobes require oxygen. There are three phases to Aerobic Respiration ... they are: 1. Glycolysis (same as the glycolysis of anaerobic respiration) 2. Krebs cycle (AKA - Citric Acid cycle) 3. The Electron Transport Chain General Outline Glucose Glycolysis Oxygen Aerobic Pyruvic Acid No Oxygen Anaerobic Fermentation Krebs Cycle ETC 36 ATP 2 ATP The First Stage of Respiration for ALL living organisms, anaerobes or aerobes, is called Glycolysis and takes place in the Cytosol (the liquid part of the cytoplasm). Glycolysis • Function - to split glucose and produce Pyruvate (pyruvic acid). • Location – Cytosol (the liquid part of the cytoplasm) Reactants for Glycolysis • Glucose • 2 ATP…. As activation energy • Enzymes Glycolysis 4 ATP’s are produced Pyruvic Acid (3 Carbons) Glucose (6 carbons) 2 ATP’s supply the activation energy Pyruvic Acid (3 Carbons) 4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain Products of Glycolysis • 2 Pyruvic Acids (a 3C acid) • 4 ATP Phase One: Glycolysis (takes place in the cytoplasm) Glycolysis 4 ATP’s are produced Pyruvic Acid (3C) Glucose (6 carbons) 2 ATP’s supply the activation energy Pyruvic Acid (3C) 4 ATP Yield = 2 ATP Net Gain Glycolysis Summary Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Requires input of 2 ATP Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvic Acid Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain Summary • 34 ATP Produced • H2O Produced • Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane General Outline Glucose Glycolysis Oxygen Aerobic Pyruvic Acid No Oxygen Anaerobic Fermentation Krebs Cycle ETC 36 ATP 2 ATP Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria Harvesting energy stored in food • Cellular respiration – breaking down food to produce ATP • in mitochondria (for aerobic respiration) • using oxygen – formula shows glucose, but that is just an example • could be other sugars, fats or proteins glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration • Aerobic Respiration– requires a mitochondrion and oxygen – is a three phase process • Anaerobic – – does not require oxygen – consists of one phase only-Glycolysis