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Early Methods Drying/Dessication/Dehydration - Sun / Wind / Ovens - Meat and Fruit For a 20 lb. ham: o 3 Tablespoons Brown Sugar o 2 Tablespoons Black Pepper o 1 Teaspoon Red Pepper o 2 Cups Salt Mix the ingredients together and rub onto the skin-on ham, paying special attention to the hock. Then the ham is wrapped in paper, then wrapped in cloth, then placed in a cloth bag and hung with the hock down. The ham is hung in a well ventilated, dark and secure building. The ham "drips" for about two months and is ready to eat in about 6 to 9 months and is edible for 3 to 4 years. Hams continued to stay edible right up until they are completely dried out. Mummification is the preservation of a body, either animal or human. The Egyptian mummies were deliberately made by drying the body. By eliminating moisture, you have eliminated the source of decay. They dried the body by using a salt mixture called natron. Natron is a natural substance that is found in abundance along the Nile river. Natron is made up of four salts: sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate. The sodium carbonate works as a drying agent, drawing the water out of the body. At the same time the bicarbonate, when subjected to moisture, increases the pH that creates a hostile environment for bacteria. The Egyptian climate lent itself well to the mummification process, being both very hot and dry. Karya terpopuler Li Shi-Zhen (Dinasti Ming) “Ben Cao Gang Mu" (Compendium of Materia Medica), mencatat lebih dari 20 jenis cendawan obat : Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Polyporus umbellatus, Polyporus mylittae, Lentinus edodes, Lasiosphaera fenxlii, Termitomyces albuminosus, Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phallus rugulosus Tremella fuciformis dan Armillaria mellea Use of Honey - Preserving Fruit - Healing - High Sugar Content HISTORY Besides being used as food, it was used as medicine - more than half remedies prescribed by Egyptian doctors contained honey. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans spread honey on wounds to hasten their healing -- So, did German Field Medical personnel during World War I. Even as Late as 1970 in England, a surgeon announced he was using honey on open wounds after surgery -- and had fewer bacterial infections than similar wounds treated with antibiotics. Honey proved to be an effective disinfectant; It hastened healing; and bacteria did not develop resistance to it, as often happens with antibiotics. Yogurt and Cheese Making to Preserve Milk - Easier to Transport - Lengthen Time Possible to Use A Legend Legend tells that yoghurt was born on the slopes of Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus range of mountains, between the Black and Caspian seas. On the hot southern slopes a pitcher of milk belonging to a Turkish nomad was contaminated by a mixture of organisms that thrived in the warm milk (40 - 45c). The result was what the Turks call "yogurut". The name "yogurut" was supposedly introduced in the 8th century and was changed in the 11th century to the current version "Yoghurt". Legend suggests that Yoghurt can act as a preservative against human ageing, however no scientific evidence actually supports this theory. Undoubtedly a regular intake of the organisms found in yoghurt can have a beneficial affect to the digestive tract. Cooling - Collection of Snow and Ice - Caves / Cellars - Water Wells • We have used biotechnology in manufacturing food products for more than 8,000 years. • Bread, alcoholic beverages, vinegar, cheese and yogurt, and many other foods owe their existence to enzymes found in various microorganisms Sauerkraut, Pickles, Kimchi, Asinan, Acar Wine, Beer, Cider, Tuak, Arak, Anggur, Brem Bali, Lahang, Brandy, Port, Kombucha dst. Peuyeum, Tape, Koji Nata deCoco, Nata de Pina, Nata de Tea Yoghurt, Kefir, Dadih, Kumiss Tempe, Natto 1803, Thenard menemukan khamir penghasil alkohol 1901, Rudolf Emmerich & Oscarlow menemukan pyonase antibiotik oleh Pseudomonas geruginosa. 1918, Chaim Wismann menemukan Clostridium penghasil aseton. 1923, Pfizer menemukan Aspergillus niger penghasil asam sitrat. 1928, A. Fleming menemukan Penisilin oleh P. notatum untuk menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus Produk ma-min (Roti, Keju, Minuman keras (tuak dan sake) Tidak steril Kultur campur Kultur murni (Bir CalsbergCopenhagen) Sistim aseptis Pasteurisasi Sistim aseptis dan terkontrol Aerasi Produk senyawa organik (Glycerol, Lactic acid, Acetone & Butanol) Proses hilir berkembang Produk antibiotika penisilin Produk lain (asam amino, ensim industri, nukleotida, steroid, PST) Penggunaan mutan unggul Penggunaan DNA Rekombinan Insulin pertama 1979 Vaksin Interferon Ensim pengobatan (asparaginase) Hormon pertumbuhan dll DNA technology has many useful applications The Human Genome Project The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and pesticides Engineered bacteria that can clean up toxic wastes 1 Bacterium Plasmid isolated 2 DNA isolated 3 Gene Bacterial chromosome Cell containing gene of interest inserted into plasmid Plasmid Gene of interest Recombinant DNA (plasmid) 4 DNA Plasmid put into bacterial cell Recombinant bacterium 5 Cell multiplies with gene of interest Copies of gene Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Copies of protein Clones of cell Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy Figure 12.3 Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA containing gene for desired trait 1 Ti plasmid T DNA Restriction site Insertion of gene into plasmid using restriction enzyme and DNA ligase Plant cell 2 Recombinant Ti plasmid Introduction into plant cells in culture 3 Regeneration of plant T DNA carrying new gene within plant chromosome Plant with new trait Figure 12.18A Recombinant cells and organisms are used to manufacture useful proteins Table 12.16 Today’s biotechnology will continue to affect the food industry by providing new products, lowering costs and improving the microbial processes on which food producers have long relied. Many of these impacts will improve the quality, nutritional value and safety of the crop plants and animal products that are the basis of the food industry. In addition, biotechnology offers many ways to improve the processing of those raw materials into final products: natural flavors and colors; new production aids, such as enzymes and emulsifiers; improved starter cultures; more waste treatment options; “greener” manufacturing processes; more options for assessing food safety during the process; and even biodegradable plastic wrap that kills bacteria. The first generation of transgenic crops primarily benefited the farmers. Although there are consumer benefits in growing these crops, the benefits are largely invisible to consumers. For example, studies have shown that insect-resistant corn (Bt corn) sustains relatively little insect damage; therefore, fungi and molds are not as able to infect those plants as easily as non-insect-resistant crops. Therefore the level of toxins produced by these pathogens, some of which are fatal to livestock, is much lower on Bt corn than non-Bt corn. Enzymes, produced by microbial fermentation, play essential roles as processing aids in the food industry. The first commercial food product produced by biotechnology was an enzyme used in cheesemaking. Prior to biotechnology, this enzyme had to be extracted from the stomach of calves, lambs and baby goats, but it is now produced by microorganisms that were given the gene for this enzyme. The food industry uses more than 55 different enzyme products in food processing. This number will only increase as we discover how to capitalize on the extraordinary diversity of the microbial world and obtain new enzymes that will prove important in food processing. • More than 325 million people worldwide have been helped by the more than 130 biotechnology drugs and vaccines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Of the biotech medicines on the market, 70 percent were approved in the last six years. There are more than 350 biotech drug products and vaccines currently in clinical trials targeting more than 200 diseases, including various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis. Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood supply safe from the AIDS virus and detect other conditions early enough to be successfully treated. Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology diagnostic products. Consumers already are enjoying biotechnology foods such as papaya, soybeans and corn. Hundreds of biopesticides and other agricultural products also are being used to improve our food supply and to reduce our dependence on conventional chemical pesticides. Bollgard® Insect-Protected Cotton (Developed by Monsanto) Introduced in 1996, cotton with Monsanto’s Bollgard gene is protected against cotton bollworms, pink bollworms and tobacco budworms. Bollgard cotton is a great example of how biotechnology can reduce the amount of pesticide applications on a specific crop. According to the technology provider, growers using Bollgard technology sprayed an average of 2.5 fewer applications per acre thanconventional cotton growers. This data is further underscored by EPA research. In just one year, 1999, EPA estimated that growers who planted Bollgard cotton reduced their insecticide application by 1.6 million pounds. Environmental biotechnology products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollution-eating microbes without the use of caustic chemicals. • Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste and use less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy, and metals and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes. There are 1,457 biotechnology companies in the United States, of which 342 are publicly held. The biotechnology industry has more than tripled in size since 1992, with revenues increasing from $8 billion in 1992 to $27.6 billion in 2001. The U.S. biotechnology industry currently employs 179,000 people glutamic acid aspartic acid Penyedap Pemanis buatan phenylalanine Aspartic acid and phenylalanine are the two main components of the new sweetener, aspartame. Ranks Hovis McDougall (RHM), Europe's fourth largest food manufacturer SCP Myco Meat INDUSTRI BIOTEKNOLOGI MENENTUKAN MASA DEPAN PERADABAN