* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lorem Ipsum - Tri-County Technical College
Biochemical cascade wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Gaseous signaling molecules wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 6 Biology 100 Tri-County Technical College Pendleton, SC What is respiration? process by which living organisms take glucose and other nutrients and make ATP Aerobic respiration – utilizes oxygen in the process Anaerobic respiration – is done without oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP The first step is glycolysis Glycolysis is a pathway of reactions that takes glucose (6C) and splits it into two pyruvate molecules (3C). Raw material for glycolysis -- glucose Products-– pyruvate – 2 molecules of ATP – reduced NAD (NADH) What happens to products of glycolysis? pyruvate – converted to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide 2 molecules of ATP – used by the cell for energy NADH and FADH2 – is used by electron transport system to make ATP – the NAD+ is reused Kreb’s Cycle same as citric acid cycle acetyl-CoA enters the cycle (raw material) the cycle is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions Products – 2 ATP’s – reduced NAD (NADH) and FAD (FADH2) – carbon dioxide So far not much energy 2 ATP’s from glycolysis 2 ATP’s from Kreb’s cycle not enough to cuss a cat with most of the energy comes from the Electron Transport System Electron Transport System Raw materials – NADH and FADH2 from the other pathways – oxygen What is it? A series of oxidation-reduction reactions involving cytochromes. Products – A lot of ATP (32 molecule/original glucose) – water (water of metabolism) The Overall Scheme Glucose Citric Acid Cycle Glycolysis 2 Pyruvates, NADH, 2ATP Acetyl-CoA Carbon dioxide Electron Transport System NADH 2 ATP FADH2 32 ATP, water, NAD+, FAD+ Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen is needed – final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions to produce water Carbon dioxide is a waste product – generated at the entrance to the Citric Acid Cycle and during the cycle itself Where Do These Take Place? Glycolysis (Universal pathway) – in the cytoplasm - eukaryotic cells – in the cytoplasm - prokaryotic cells Citric Acid (Kreb’s) cycle – in the inner membranes of the mitochondria eukaryotic cells – inner surface of cell membrane - prokayotic cells Where, ctd? Electron transport system – inner surface of cell membrane - prokaryotic cells – Inner membranes of mitochondria -- eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells are more specialized in their specific functions. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic respiration is what we have been discussing. Anaerobic respiration=inorganic atom/molecule other than OXYGEN as FEA Some prokaryotes utilize anaerobic respiration Without oxygen ETS for aerobic respiration WILL NOT WORK Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Considerably less ATP is produced by anaerobic respiration – aerobic respiration -- 36 ATP/glucose – anaerobic respiration – equivalent ATP/glucose – Fermentation yields only 2 ATP per glucose In muscle tissue, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid – muscle fatigue Fermentation A special kind of anaerobic respiration carried out by yeasts and some bacteria. Instead of going into the Kreb’s cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Basis of multi-billion dollar fermentation industry Synthesizing Information Obligate aerobe is organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and CAN”T live without it Obligate anaerobe is organism that cannot use oxygen and is poisoned by it Facultative anaerobe is organism that uses oxygen if available (in fact, prefers it) but can switch to alternate pathway if oxygen is unavailable How are fats metabolized? Glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol is converted to one of the intermediates of Glycolysis. Fatty acids are broken down into two carbon pieces and each piece is converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle Energy is produced as with glucose. Protein metabolism Amino group is removed from amino acids The result is a keto acid Keto acids enter the respiratory cycle as pyruvic acid or as one of the other types of molecules found in the Kreb’s cycle. The amino group is converted to ammonia What to do with ammonia? Ammonia is very toxic some organisms eliminate ammonia others, such as us, convert ammonia into urea and uric acid which are much less toxic – both are eliminated by the kidneys in urine