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Transcript
Photosynthesis I. The basics A. The equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 1. CO2 a. pulled from the air thru the stomate b. reduced to -CHO 2. H2O a. enters the plant thru the roots xylem all parts b. oxidized to oxygen c. transpiration -evaporation of water at the leaves…. 3. C6H12O6 a. used in Cellular Respiration to make ATP -C is bond to O2 make CO2 b. excess sugar is stored as STARCH in clusters within the plant: -Cells of fruit -seeds -stems -modified roots -converted to oil & stored in seeds c. 250,000 known spp. of plants of which ~150 are cultivated -crops: a type of plant that is grown for use by humans -3 Major crops that feed the world: 4. O2 a. exits thru the stomate b. important byproduct for living org B. Leaf Structure 1. PS occurs in the __________ 2. Chloroplast has 2 main parts: a. thylakoid… -flattened membrane-bound sacs -sacs are stacked into ______ -chlorophyll is embedded here b. stroma… -fluid matrix of the chloroplast -contains enzymes… C. How is light Energy used? 1. Light is radiant Energy a. can travel in waves b. electromagnetic spectrum -complete range of radiant E c. photons -tiny packets of E d. visible light spectrum - ROY G BIV Longer λ Shorter λ 2. Light hitting a surface a. the photons are either: (1) reflected (2) absorbed (3) transmitted thru the object b. the color of the plant is the color being reflected…. D. Pigments in plants 1. Pigment a. a molecule containing atoms that enable it to absorb light 2. Chlorophyll a a. primary pigment b. absorbs violet and orange/reds c. reflects green light 3. accessory pigments a. chlorophyll b b. xanthophyll -reflects yellow c. carotenoids -reflects orange d. each pigment absorbs diff wavelengths of light…Advantage? e. changing of leaves in the Fall 4. Pigments are arranged in clusters called photosystem a. embedded in thylakoid membrane b. 2 kinds of photosystems: -Photosystem I: wavelength 700nm -Photosystem II: wavelength 680nm II. Photosystem II (make ATP) A. How does it work? 1. sunlight is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoid 2. photons boost the e- to a higher E level EXCITED 3. e- are sent to reaction center.. 4. reaction center donates e- to electron transport chain (ETC) a. ETC is a series of redox rx b. stairs analogy 5. The ETC contains a proton pump a. pumps H+ into the thylakoid … b. [H+] increases and builds up pressure 6. ETC donates its electrons to Photosystem I a. splitting of 2 H2O molecules: 2 H2O 4 H+ + 4e- + O2 b. H+ are left inside the thylakoid & O2 diffuses out of plant 7. In the meantime… a. ATP synthase is used for ADP ATP b. chemiosmosis III. Photosystem I (make NADPH) A. How does it work? 1. sunlight is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoid 2. e- from photosystem II are transferred to reaction center of Photosystem I… 3. e- are sent to reaction center.. 4. reaction center donates e- to electron transport chain (ETC) 5. e- are transferred to a reducing protein a. NADP+ NADPH IV. Calvin Cycle A. Carbon Fixation 1. CO2 CHO 2. enzymes incorporate carbon atoms from CO2 into organic molecules 3. Light independent reactions a. does NOT require light directly but does require ATP & NADPH b. requires CO2 that enters thru the stomate 4. There are several ways C is fixed during PS…. B. Melvin Calvin 1. Background a. discovered in 1940-50’s at the Uni of Ca 2. Occurs in all plants and algae… 3. 6 CO2 must enter cycle to produce a 6-carbon sugar C. Steps of the Calvin Cycle 1. Carbon Fixation a. CO2 is attached to RuBP resulting in a 6-C molecule b. C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C + C-C-C PGA 2. Carbon Reduction a. each molecule of PGA is reduced to PGAL PGA PGAP PGAL ATP NADPH 3. Regeneration of RuBP a. 1 PGAL may combine to make C6H12O6 b. most of the PGAL produced is used to regenerate RuBP -ATP required 4. The spend ADP & NADP are returned to the light dependent rx to become ATP & NADPH V. Factors that affect the rate of PS A. Light Intensity 1. PS increases as intensity increases until saturation point is reached B. CO2 concentration 1. similar to light intensity C. Temperature 1. PS is a series of enzyme catalyze rxs and they fail outside a particular range Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP - 2ATP Electron Transport Chain I. Cellular Respiration A. Steps 1. Glycolysis a. glucose splits into 2 pyruvate C6H12O6 2 x pyruvate b. occurs in cytoplasm c. +2 ATP… 2. Acetyl coenzyme-A formation a. pyruvate binds to coenzyme A b. occurs in the mitochondria c. -2 ATP… 3. Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle a. acetyl co-A molecule enters cycle b. combines with oxaloacetate citrates CO2 c. occurs in the matrix d. +2 ATP… 4. ETC a. transfers e- from Kreb’s cycle down a series of protein carriers b. Energy given off is used to make ATP c. terminal e- acceptor is oxygen H2O d. occurs in the inner membrane e. +34 ATP… B. Exercise Benefits 1. # of mitochondria increase… a. faster rise in O2 uptake at the onset of work less O2 debt 2. Cramps & Charlie Horse.. II. Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation A. 2 General types of fermentation 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation B. Alcohol Fermentation 1. C6H12O6 CO2 + Ethanol + 2 ATP a. performed by microorganisms; bacteria and yeast b. CO2 and bread rising C. Lactic Acid Fermentation 1. C6H12O6 CO2 + Lactic + 2 ATP Acid a. occurs in muscles when body demands more E than can be supplied b. O2 does not have enough time… 2. Initially Lactic acid will be carried away by the blood…. a. as [LA] increases pH changes causing the muscles to fatigue and they will no longer contract b. Hitting the wall…. Hitting the Wall 3. Lactic acid is transported to the liver, and converted back to pyruvate a. process requires O2, thus why you breath hard after finishing race 4. Practical uses of LA fermentation a. transformation of milk into cheese, sour cream, and yogurt -bacteria are inoculated into the culture and utilize the sugar to ferment -Blue cheese: penicillin spores are mixed with the curds blue -Swiss Cheese: holes from the bacteria used produces gas -Soy Sauce: soy beans and wheat are fermented by mold -Pepperoni and Salami -mixture is stuffed into casings, and inoculated with lactic acid producing bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) -ferments of 24-72 hours… -Aged Beef -beef is hung in a cool place where bacteria and fungus grow on the surface producing acids that degrade the muscle tissue and tenderize the beef D. Advantages of Fermentation 1. only get 2 ATP, less than 36 ATP from CR a. determined by org and activity level 2. one celled org don’t need much E 3. emergency uses.. Get some E now; recover later E. Regulation of CR rate 1. Feedback inhibition a. Excess ATP shuts off pathway 2. ATP bind to a key enzyme changes its shape stops ATP production 3. use ATP enzyme release the ATP ATP production begins