Download Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration
Chapter 6
Types of Energy?????
Energy *forms: light, heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical, sound
*potential energy = stored
kinetic energy = being used
*can be transformed from one type to another –
-battery - chemical to electrical
-roll downhill - potential to kinetic
-flip light switch –mechanical to electrical to light & heat
*it is the ability to do work!
Cellular Respiration

A cellular process that releases energy
from glucose (or other organic
molecules) to produce energy (ATP).
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O (energy)
glucose
ATP
What respires?
Plants and Animals/all
living organisms
Mitochondria

Organelle where cellular respiration takes
place.
Matrix
Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
ATP & ADP
ATP & ADP
Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions


Transfer of one or more electrons
and/or energy from one compound to
another.
Two parts:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
Oxidation Reaction

The loss of electrons or energy from a
compound.
Reduction Reaction

The gain of electrons or energy to a
compound.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• Reactions where 1 substance loses electrons &/or
energy &/or hydrogen and another substance
gains electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen
•
•
•
•
•
•
O
I
L
R
I
G
Oxidation reaction: loss of electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen
Reduction reaction: gain of electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen
Aerobic Respiration Pathway
-lots of chemical reactions –controlled by enzymes
Important patterns:
*energy released –> captured by ADP to make ATP
*energized H released ->captured by NAD to make
NADH & H+ or captured by FAD to make FADH2
NAD is like catcher’s mitt– catches fastball/high energy H
FAD is like fielder’s mitt – catches slower ball/lower energy H
*when C atom is lost, it is released as CO2
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration in the presence of free
oxygen, resulting in the complete
oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide
and water as well as the release of a
net of 36 ATP’s.
Potato chip = fuel!!!
contains energy (potential) in chemical bonds
Burn chip – releases energy in form of light/heat
can use that energy to do work
For our bodies to do work (life processes), can’t use
energy in form of heat/light …
living things need energy in form of ATP
ATP is the ultimate form of energy for living things!
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
lose
Energized
phosphate
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
Gain
Energized
phosphate
Aerobic Respiratory Pathway

Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of glucose)
a. cytoplasm, just outside of
mitochondria.
2. Pyruvic Acid breakdown
a. migration from cytoplasm to
mitochondria.
Aerobic Respiratory Pathway
3. Krebs Cycle
a. mitochondria
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
a. mitochondria
1. Glycolysis


Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of
mitochondria.
Two phases:
A. Energy investment phase
a. 2 ATP activation energy
B. Energy yielding phase
a. 4 ATP produced
1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
2ATP
C-C-C-C-C-C
2 ATP - used
0 ATP - produced
0 NADH & H+ - produced
2ADP+2 P
(2 - 3C)
C-C-C
C-C-C
1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding Phase
(2 - 3C)
4ADP+4 P
4ATP
PGAL
PGAL
p-C-C-C C-C-C-p
0 ATP - used
4 ATP - produced
2 NADH & H+ - produced
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)
or Pyruvic Acid (PYR)
C-C-C C-C-C
(PYR) (PYR)
1. Glycolysis

Total Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvic acid (Pyruvate)
2 – ATP (Stored Chemical Energy)
(4 ATP produced-2 used as
Activation Energy)
2 – NADH & H+
Glycolysis
G
lycolysis
2. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown


Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) molecules are
transported through the mitochondria
membrane and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA
(2C) molecules.
Cytoplasm
2 CO2
C
C
C
Matrix
C-C
2 Pyruvic
2 NAD+
2NADH & H+ 2 Acetyl CoA
2. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown

End Products:
2 – NADH2
2 - CO2 (Released as waste)
2 - Acetyl CoA (2C)
*Enters Kreb Cycle
Pyruvic Acid Breakdown (PAB)
Pyruvic
Acid
Breakdown
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)



Location: mitochondria
Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid
(4C - OAA) to make Citric acid (6C).
It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to
oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
Mitochondrial
Matrix
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
OAA (4C)
Citric acid (6C)
FADH2
Krebs
Cycle
2 CO2
(one turn)
3 NAD+
FAD
3 NADH & H+
ATP
ADP + P
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
Citrate (6C)
OAA (4C)
2 FADH2
Krebs
Cycle
4 CO2
(two turns)
6 NAD+
2 FAD
6 NADH & H+
2 ATP
2 ADP+2 P
Krebs
Cycle
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Total net yield (2 turns of krebs
cycle)
1. 2 - ATP
2. 6 – NADH & H+
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)



Location: mitochondria.
Uses ETC and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to
make ATP.
ETC pumps H+ (protons) across
innermembrane.
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
Inner
membrane space
Matrix
Cristae
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)



All NADH & H+ and FADH2 converted to
ATP during this stage of cellular
respiration.
Each NADH & H+ converts to 3 ATP.
Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the
ETC at a lower level than NADH & H+).
4. ETC and Chemiosmosis for
NADH
higher H+
concentration
Intermembrane Space
1H+
E
2H+
3H+
T
C
NAD+
(Proton (H+) Pumping)
Matrix
ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
O2 H O
2
2H+ + 1/2
NADH
+ H+
H+
ADP + P
H+
ATP
lower H+
concentration
4. ETC and Chemiosmosis for FADH2
higher H+
concentration
Intermembrane Space
1H+
E
2H+
T
FADH2
+ H+
FAD+
C
2H+ +
1/2O2
(Proton (H+) Pumping)
Matrix
H+
ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
H2O
ADP + P
H+
ATP
lower H+
concentration
Electron
Transport
Chain
TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - Phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative
phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATP
Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – pyruvic acid

breakdown phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
Maximum ATP Yield for
Cellular Respiration
(Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Cytosol
Glycolysis
2 Acetyl CoA
2 Pyruvate
Mitochondria
Krebs
Cycle
2NADH
2 ATP
6NADH
2FADH2
(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2ATP
4ATP 6ATP
18ATP
4ATP
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
2ATP
Prokaryotes
(Lack Membranes)
Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – pyruvic acid

breakdown phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL
Question:

In addition to glucose, what other
food molecules are used in Cellular
Respiration?
Catabolism of Various
Food Molecules

Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids
Fermentation/Anaerobic
Respiration



Occurs in cytoplasm when “NO Oxygen”
is present (called anaerobic).
Remember: glycolysis is part of
fermentation.
Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation

C
C
C
C
C
C
glucose
Plants and Fungi
2ADP
+2 P
beer and wine
2ATP
2NADH
C
C
C
Glycolysis
2 NAD+

2NADH
2 Pyruvic
acid
2 NAD+
C
C
2 Ethanol
2CO2
released
Alcohol Fermentation

End Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s
Lactic Acid Fermentation

C
C
C
C
C
C
Glucose
Animals (pain in muscle after a
workout).
2ADP
+2 P
2ATP
C
C
C
Glycolysis
2 NAD+
2NADH & H+ 2 NAD+
2NADH & H+
2 Pyruvic
acid
C
C
C
2 Lactic
acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation

End Products: Lactic acid
fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids
THE
END!!