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Mutations & Genetic Engineering Mutation A change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism Substitution A mutation that changes one base • Possible outcomes: – New codon codes for the same amino acid – silent – New codon changes the amino acid – missense • Sickle cell anemia – New codon codes for a stop codon – non sense Frameshift Mutations • A change in the reading pattern of the DNA • Causes: – Deletions • Sections of DNA are missing • Example: Williams Syndrome – Insertions • Mutations in which an extra base is inserted Involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes • Deletion- loss of all or part – Cystic Fibrous • Duplication – segment is repeated –Huntington’s disease • Inversion – orientation is in the reverse direction • Translocation – two non homologous chromosomes exchange segments Genetic Engineering Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Organisms who have been genetically altered using biotechnology These are also referred to as transgenic organisms Transgenic Organisms • Microorganisms – Insulin production – Clotting Factors • Plants (GMOs) – Insect resistant – Weather Resistant • Mammals – Medicine – Commerical Cloning Making an exact genetic copy of an organism Why clone? 1. Medical purposes • Animal models • Stem cells • Drug production 2. Reviving extinct or endangered organisms 3. Pet trade Stem Cells Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells Why study stem cells? 1. They are unspecialized & can reproduce (mitosis) 2. They can be induced to become specific cells with specific functions. Two types: •Embryonic •Adult DNA Fingerprinting A method of isolating and making images of a person’s unique DNA sequence Process: Gel Electrophoresis with help from restriction enzymes DNA Fingerprints