Download Genetic Engineering Lecture - Milton

Genetic Engineering
A. Biotechnology
________________ breeding relies on the _________________ already
present in nature, but what if humans want to increase this variation? We can
introduce mutations by making use of several technological processes that fall
under the branch of science called ____________________.
1. Bacterial Mutations
a. Using _______________ or ________________ to force
mutations on bacteria, in the hopes that some of those mutations
are ________________
b. Some useful mutants include those bacteria that help to digest
____________ from oil spills and those that clean up radioactive
waste
2. Polyploid Plants
a. Chemicals can be given to plants to make them have several sets of
their ______________________ ; these plants are polyploidy
b. Polyploid plants tend to be larger and _______________ than
their diploid counterparts (Examples: bananas, citrus fruits, oats,
cotton, peanuts)
B. Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic organisms are organisms that contain DNA from other organisms
that have been ___________ into their genome via ______________DNA
1.
Transgenic Plants
a. Many plant cells are transformed using Agrobacterium
b. This bacteria inserts a ____________ with recombinant DNA into
plant cells
c. Sometimes the cell wall of plant cells can be removed and the
recombinant DNA can enter the cell
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2. Transgenic Animals
a. If the egg cell is large enough, DNA can be injected directly into
the ________________
b. Genes can be _____________by recombining at certain spots only
3. Cloning
a. A clone is a member of a population of genetically ____________
cells produced from a single cell
b. How is it done?
i. A __________ egg is used with all of the DNA removed
ii. DNA to be cloned is _____________ into the donor egg
iii. Egg is stimulated to divide into an _____, usually through
electricity
iv. Egg is injected into a _________ mother where it grows
into a baby and is born
C. Agriculture and Industry
Genetic modification of what we _____ and ______ could lead to better,
less expensive, and more nutritious food as well as less-harmful
manufacturing processes.
1.
GM Crops
a. Statistics: 92% of soybeans, 86% of cotton, 80% of corn grown in
the United States are genetically modified (_____)
b. Types of GM:
i. Plants injected with bacterial gene that produces ___ toxin;
this toxin kills insects and also makes the crop produce a
higher ________
ii. Other plants have genes that make them ___________ to
herbicides, viral infections, and molds
iii. Engineers are currently working to create GM crops that
produce ____________ for the manufacturing industry
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2. GM Animals
a. Statistics: 30% of the milk in the US comes from GM cows
b. Types of GM:
i. Pigs are GM to produce ________ meant with __________
components, like omega-3 fatty acids
ii. GM salmon in captivity _______ faster than wild salmon
iii. GM goats produce milk with spider ________, and scientists
are now trying to make their milk produce _____________
agents for humans
c. Researchers hope that cloning of these animals will increase the
world _________ supply and help save ______________ species
D. Safety of Transgenics
1. Pros of GM Foods
a. They produce higher yields, reducing the amount of _______ and
__________ devoted to agriculture
b. No longer need to use ________________ that can damage the
environment
c. Have been around for a decade and no evidence to show they are
__________________
2. Cons of GM Foods
a. No ________________ studies have been conducted to document
the hazards of these foods
b. Threat of killing off __________________ insects
c. _______________ of weed-killing pesticides
d. _________________ seeds may be too expensive and force small
farms out of _______________
3. Currently, GM foods do not need to be labeled as such
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E. Profits and Privacy
Private biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical companies do much of
the ______________ involving GM plants and animals, and they protect
their discoveries with ______________ in order to profit financially.
1.
Patenting Life
a. Molecules and ______ sequences can be patented; over 1/5 of the
known genes in the human genome are patented
b. Techniques, such as _______, can be patented; scientists must pay
a fee to use them for testing purposes
c. Why could this be a problem?
2. Genetic Ownership
a. The US ______________ requires all personnel to provide a ___
sample upon enlisting to help identify remains. How is this genetic
information protected so that it is not used against a person by a
future employer or criminally?
b. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (2008): prevents
Americans from being ___________________ against based on
their genetic information
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