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Neural Communication The Nerve Impulse Neural Communication Otto Loewi • Nobel Prize in 1936 • Forced to leave Germany in 1938 • Became US citizen in 1941 • Worked at Woods Hole Institute • Name pronounced as “low” Loewi’s Experiment KW 5-2 The first known neurotransmitter • acetylcholine • first neurotransmitter identified (by Otto Loewi, 1921) • Movement: causes muscles to contract • Memory: dies in Alzheimer’s disease Autonomic NT’s KW 5-17 Ach Pathways KW 5-19 Synapse structures KW 5-4 Steps KW 5-5 Step 1 ACh Synthesis Acetylcholine Bonded to form Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Modifying Neural Messages • drug agonists - enhance potency of neurotransmitter • drug antagonists - reduce effectiveness Agonist and Antagonists Neurotransmitter molecule Receptor site on receiving neuron Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter Pain Killers • Endorphins • natural opiates • natural key • Morphine • Opium poppy • Agonist • Naloxone • Antagonist Agonist and antagonist Step 7 Reuptake and breakdown AChE Ach and AChE KW 5-11 NT characteristics KW 5-9 Monoamine Neurotransmitters • the catecholamines: – Dopamine • found at substantia nigra and limbic system • regulates emotion & movement – Norepinephrine • found in brain stem and subcortex • regulates emotion, reward, sleep, mood – Epinephrine • Found adrenal glands • may help regulate blood pressure Catecholamine synthesis KW 5-12 Catecholamine Pathways KW 5-19 Neural Communication Dopamine pathways Monoamine Neurotransmitters • Serotonin – found in raphe nuclei in brain stem – regulates temperature, sensory perception and sleep onset – LSD and antidepressants affect serotonin (antidepressants particularly affect serotonin reuptake) Serotonin Serotonin Pathways KW 5-19 Neural Communication Serotonin pathways Drug Effects Classes of NT