“Psychoactive substances present in Salvia divinorum acquired in
... Nowadays, Salvia divinorum is considered one of the most popular recreational drugs among adolescents, being legally commercialized in many countries in “smart shops” and internet websites. In the present research, the hallucinogenic compound of the drug, salvinorin A, was identified and quantified, ...
... Nowadays, Salvia divinorum is considered one of the most popular recreational drugs among adolescents, being legally commercialized in many countries in “smart shops” and internet websites. In the present research, the hallucinogenic compound of the drug, salvinorin A, was identified and quantified, ...
Chapter 1 - Overview of Nicotine Withdrawal and Negative
... emphasizing the key role of nicotine in tobacco dependence (Palazzolo, 2013). According to the latest report from Bloomberg Industries, the combined sales of electronic cigarettes have doubled every year for the past 5 years, generating over USD$1 billion in revenue in the United States in 2014. The ...
... emphasizing the key role of nicotine in tobacco dependence (Palazzolo, 2013). According to the latest report from Bloomberg Industries, the combined sales of electronic cigarettes have doubled every year for the past 5 years, generating over USD$1 billion in revenue in the United States in 2014. The ...
Losartan Potassium
... Losartan potassium is an orally active, nonpeptide angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonist. It is the first of a new class of drugs to be introduced for clinical use in hypertension. This novel agent binds competitively and selectively to the AII subtype 1 (AT1) receptor, thereby blocking AII-induc ...
... Losartan potassium is an orally active, nonpeptide angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonist. It is the first of a new class of drugs to be introduced for clinical use in hypertension. This novel agent binds competitively and selectively to the AII subtype 1 (AT1) receptor, thereby blocking AII-induc ...
ibogaine: a review
... detailed review of ibogaine’s receptor activities. Ibogaine appears to have a novel mechanism of action that differs from other existing pharmacotherapies of addiction, and its mechanism of action does not appear to be readily explained on the basis of existing pharmacologic approaches to addiction. ...
... detailed review of ibogaine’s receptor activities. Ibogaine appears to have a novel mechanism of action that differs from other existing pharmacotherapies of addiction, and its mechanism of action does not appear to be readily explained on the basis of existing pharmacologic approaches to addiction. ...
Discriminative Stimulus Properties of MDMA
... mention of MDMA will refer to racemic MDMA unless otherwise stated. The pharmacology of MDMA has been studied extensively in animals. MDMA penetrates the blood brain barrier and interacts with several recognition sites in the central nervous system (CNS), but displays the strongest affinity for the ...
... mention of MDMA will refer to racemic MDMA unless otherwise stated. The pharmacology of MDMA has been studied extensively in animals. MDMA penetrates the blood brain barrier and interacts with several recognition sites in the central nervous system (CNS), but displays the strongest affinity for the ...
A Literature Review on the Status and Effects of Salvia Divinorum on
... Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that was originally used in the Mazatec Indian culture of Oaxaca, Mexico for spiritual and medicinal purposes (Wasson, 1962). Salvia divinorum produces powerful hallucinogenic effects when the leaves are chewed, orally consumed in a liquid state, or dried an ...
... Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that was originally used in the Mazatec Indian culture of Oaxaca, Mexico for spiritual and medicinal purposes (Wasson, 1962). Salvia divinorum produces powerful hallucinogenic effects when the leaves are chewed, orally consumed in a liquid state, or dried an ...
Acute and Chronic Effects of Inhalants in Intracranial Self
... Inhalants are a pharmacologically diverse group of compounds that have been ubiquitously defined through the exclusivity of the inhalational route by which humans abuse them. In addition, inhalants are associated with their legal, therapeutic and commercial availability in society. Broadly defined, ...
... Inhalants are a pharmacologically diverse group of compounds that have been ubiquitously defined through the exclusivity of the inhalational route by which humans abuse them. In addition, inhalants are associated with their legal, therapeutic and commercial availability in society. Broadly defined, ...
Sorting Through the Science on Marijuana: Facts, Fallacies,
... preparation of consumed marijuana is dried leaves, or buds, which can be smoked. The primary psychoactive component of marijuana, a chemical called ...
... preparation of consumed marijuana is dried leaves, or buds, which can be smoked. The primary psychoactive component of marijuana, a chemical called ...
Fear Conditioning
... 2. NPS → ↑ amplitude & ↑frequency of un-evoked BLA IPSCs (inhibitory signal) a. Removing the endopiriform cortex blocks the NPS→ ↑IPSC stimulation i. But the endopiriform cortex (EPN) is glutamatergic (should produce EPSCs) b. Amygdala intercalated (ITC) lateral paracapsular cells are GABAergic (pro ...
... 2. NPS → ↑ amplitude & ↑frequency of un-evoked BLA IPSCs (inhibitory signal) a. Removing the endopiriform cortex blocks the NPS→ ↑IPSC stimulation i. But the endopiriform cortex (EPN) is glutamatergic (should produce EPSCs) b. Amygdala intercalated (ITC) lateral paracapsular cells are GABAergic (pro ...
Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Neuropsychopharmacology
... More than 83 years ago, Dale (1914) compared the actions of various synthetic and endogenous choline (Ch) derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), with those of the plant alkaloids muscarine and nicotine. The effects of muscarine were similar to some of the effects of ACh and parasympathetic nerv ...
... More than 83 years ago, Dale (1914) compared the actions of various synthetic and endogenous choline (Ch) derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), with those of the plant alkaloids muscarine and nicotine. The effects of muscarine were similar to some of the effects of ACh and parasympathetic nerv ...
Adenine Nucleotides Undergo Rapid, Quantitative Conversion to
... rate of each of the steps involved in the interconversion of nucleotides have not been well characterized in brain. A second unresolved issue concerns the ability of adenine nucleotides to directly activate adenosine receptors. In many systems, adenine nucleotides elicit responses that are mediated ...
... rate of each of the steps involved in the interconversion of nucleotides have not been well characterized in brain. A second unresolved issue concerns the ability of adenine nucleotides to directly activate adenosine receptors. In many systems, adenine nucleotides elicit responses that are mediated ...
Neurologic Effects of Caffeine - Health301Co
... in certain tissues. However, their having an important role at therapeutic concentrations is unlikely. In vitro, methylxanthines (approximately 0.2 mmol or more) generally cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscles in the presence of various stimulators of contraction (eg, norepinephrine, angiotens ...
... in certain tissues. However, their having an important role at therapeutic concentrations is unlikely. In vitro, methylxanthines (approximately 0.2 mmol or more) generally cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscles in the presence of various stimulators of contraction (eg, norepinephrine, angiotens ...
IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS Laura Guasch Pàmies
... particularly in overweight and obese patients and those with normal kidney function [15]. Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor (PPAR), thiazolidinediones, are able to reduce insulin resistance but are under intense scrutiny because of concerns with their safety. In fact ...
... particularly in overweight and obese patients and those with normal kidney function [15]. Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor (PPAR), thiazolidinediones, are able to reduce insulin resistance but are under intense scrutiny because of concerns with their safety. In fact ...
Pharmacologically Active Drug Metabolites: Impact on Drug
... metabolizer; fu, fraction unbound in plasma; HMGCoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HPLC-MS, high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; 5-HT, serotonin; IC50, ligand concentration yielding 50% of the maximum response; Kp,uu, ratio of unbound drug concentration within a tissue to ...
... metabolizer; fu, fraction unbound in plasma; HMGCoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HPLC-MS, high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; 5-HT, serotonin; IC50, ligand concentration yielding 50% of the maximum response; Kp,uu, ratio of unbound drug concentration within a tissue to ...
Intracranial Self-Stimulation to Evaluate Abuse Potential of Drugs
... and selectivity of ICSS to detect abuse potential of many classes of abused drugs is similar to the sensitivity and selectivity of drug self-administration procedures. Moreover, similar to progressive-ratio drug selfadministration procedures, ICSS data can be used to rank the relative abuse potentia ...
... and selectivity of ICSS to detect abuse potential of many classes of abused drugs is similar to the sensitivity and selectivity of drug self-administration procedures. Moreover, similar to progressive-ratio drug selfadministration procedures, ICSS data can be used to rank the relative abuse potentia ...
Pharmacology and the Nursing Process, 4th ed. Lilley/Harrington
... Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
... Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
Effects of a Novel Cholecystokinin (CCK)
... infusion reproducing postprandial bioactive plasma concentrations of the hormone have demonstrated that physiologic concentrations of CCK stimulate gallbladder contraction and delay gastric emptying of liquids (3-5). However, prior difficulties in measuring circulating concentrations of CCK and the ...
... infusion reproducing postprandial bioactive plasma concentrations of the hormone have demonstrated that physiologic concentrations of CCK stimulate gallbladder contraction and delay gastric emptying of liquids (3-5). However, prior difficulties in measuring circulating concentrations of CCK and the ...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxycodone in
... was greater than that expected on the basis of the concentration of intact oxycodone in plasma as measured by gas chromatography. For a while, it was thought that oxymorphone, which is formed from 3-Odemethylation of oxycodone by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, represented the principal activating pathwa ...
... was greater than that expected on the basis of the concentration of intact oxycodone in plasma as measured by gas chromatography. For a while, it was thought that oxymorphone, which is formed from 3-Odemethylation of oxycodone by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, represented the principal activating pathwa ...
neuroregulatory effects of nicotine
... Nicotine acts on a select group of receptors centrally, and receptor interactions appear to be quite specific, resembling those of few other compounds. The exceptions are alkaloidal analogs such as cytisine and anabasine and the chemical stereo-isomers, 3-methyl-pyrridyl-pyrolidine and (+)nicotine ( ...
... Nicotine acts on a select group of receptors centrally, and receptor interactions appear to be quite specific, resembling those of few other compounds. The exceptions are alkaloidal analogs such as cytisine and anabasine and the chemical stereo-isomers, 3-methyl-pyrridyl-pyrolidine and (+)nicotine ( ...
Reviews Essential Tremor - Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic
... Drugs that increase GABA availability (tiagabine, vigabatrin, valproate) have not been associated with tremor improvement, and may even exacerbate tremor in some cases.41,42 Tiagabine, which increases GABA levels by blocking the synaptic GABA transporter (GAT-1), has been reported to worsen tremor. ...
... Drugs that increase GABA availability (tiagabine, vigabatrin, valproate) have not been associated with tremor improvement, and may even exacerbate tremor in some cases.41,42 Tiagabine, which increases GABA levels by blocking the synaptic GABA transporter (GAT-1), has been reported to worsen tremor. ...
1. Clinical Pharmacology
... buprenorphine, although the effect may be delayed (2 to 4 hours, occasionally up to 8 hours). • Opioid agonists: Buprenorphine exerts a degree of blockade to the effects of full agonist opioids, which may complicate the use of additional opioids for analgesia (see section 5.7). The initial dose of ...
... buprenorphine, although the effect may be delayed (2 to 4 hours, occasionally up to 8 hours). • Opioid agonists: Buprenorphine exerts a degree of blockade to the effects of full agonist opioids, which may complicate the use of additional opioids for analgesia (see section 5.7). The initial dose of ...
Dopamine-Serotonin System Stabilizer
... dence that aripiprazole possesses potent partial agonistic properties at D2 receptors and also exhibits partial agonism at 5-HT1A receptors, as well as antagonistic properties at 5HT2A receptors. The promising features of this new antipsychotic may be associated with its unique pharmacological recep ...
... dence that aripiprazole possesses potent partial agonistic properties at D2 receptors and also exhibits partial agonism at 5-HT1A receptors, as well as antagonistic properties at 5HT2A receptors. The promising features of this new antipsychotic may be associated with its unique pharmacological recep ...
Curcumin Analogs as Anticancer Agents
... • The Anti-oxidant screening of most of Curcumin Analogs reveals that the results go hand by hand with the in vitro Anti-cancer effects results which performed at The National Cancer Institue (NCI). • The anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects of these compounds depend mainly on the stabilization of t ...
... • The Anti-oxidant screening of most of Curcumin Analogs reveals that the results go hand by hand with the in vitro Anti-cancer effects results which performed at The National Cancer Institue (NCI). • The anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects of these compounds depend mainly on the stabilization of t ...
Rational Pharmacology
... plasma histamine concentration was 6 ng/ml. If emergency patients with upper GI bleeding then have a histamine release reaction either due to the endoscopy itself” or to any drugs that may be preoperatively given, their reactions may be more severe than in those patients undergoing elective surgery. ...
... plasma histamine concentration was 6 ng/ml. If emergency patients with upper GI bleeding then have a histamine release reaction either due to the endoscopy itself” or to any drugs that may be preoperatively given, their reactions may be more severe than in those patients undergoing elective surgery. ...
The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Drug Addiction
... that are heterogenously distributed in both brain and peripheral tissues across species. In mammals, the two known native peptide agonists are CRF itself (also abbreviated CRH for corticotropin-releasing hormone) and urocortin. Presently, there are five distinct targets for CRF and urocortin with un ...
... that are heterogenously distributed in both brain and peripheral tissues across species. In mammals, the two known native peptide agonists are CRF itself (also abbreviated CRH for corticotropin-releasing hormone) and urocortin. Presently, there are five distinct targets for CRF and urocortin with un ...
Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system led to the development of CB1 receptor antagonists. The first cannabinoid receptor antagonist, rimonabant, was described in 1994. Rimonabant blocks the CB1 receptor selectively and it has been shown to decrease food intake and regulate body-weight gain. The prevalence of obesity worldwide is increasing dramatically and has a great impact on public health. The lack of efficient and well-tolerated drugs to cure obesity has led to an increased interest in research and development of cannabinoid antagonists. Cannabidiol, a naturally occurring cannabinoid, is a non-competitive CB1/2 antagonist.