Conditioned Stimulus Familiarity Determines Effects of MK
... Richardson, 2007; Hofmann et al., 2006; Kushner et al., 2007; Ressler et al., 2004). Taken together, these findings have been interpreted to mean that NMDA receptors are obligatory for the acquisition and the loss of fear. Recent findings, however, have challenged this view. For example, infusions o ...
... Richardson, 2007; Hofmann et al., 2006; Kushner et al., 2007; Ressler et al., 2004). Taken together, these findings have been interpreted to mean that NMDA receptors are obligatory for the acquisition and the loss of fear. Recent findings, however, have challenged this view. For example, infusions o ...
Hypothesizing that Putative Dopaminergic, Melatonin
... behavioral therapy, but it has minimal effects in patients relapsing from drugs especially alcohol, cocaine and opiates. While there are a number of pharmaceutical drugs developed to treat insomnia, most have associated side effects and even addiction liability. We do know that benzodiazepines hijac ...
... behavioral therapy, but it has minimal effects in patients relapsing from drugs especially alcohol, cocaine and opiates. While there are a number of pharmaceutical drugs developed to treat insomnia, most have associated side effects and even addiction liability. We do know that benzodiazepines hijac ...
lec8.Treatment of Cough
... ) مهمهconduction from these receptors is via fibers in the vagus nerve; central components of the reflex probably involve several mechanisms or centres that are distinct تختلف عنfrom the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration. ...
... ) مهمهconduction from these receptors is via fibers in the vagus nerve; central components of the reflex probably involve several mechanisms or centres that are distinct تختلف عنfrom the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration. ...
GABAA receptors signal bidirectional reward transmission from the
... In the first experiment, eight groups of rats that were not lesioned received, intra-VTA, either muscimol or bicuculline. Four of the groups were conditioned with intra-VTA muscimol (5 or 50 ng) in either an opiate-naive state (n ¼ 8, n ¼ 8, respectively) or opiatedependent and withdrawn state (n ¼ 8 ...
... In the first experiment, eight groups of rats that were not lesioned received, intra-VTA, either muscimol or bicuculline. Four of the groups were conditioned with intra-VTA muscimol (5 or 50 ng) in either an opiate-naive state (n ¼ 8, n ¼ 8, respectively) or opiatedependent and withdrawn state (n ¼ 8 ...
NATURAL AND PARTIALLY SYNTETIc ANALGESIcS
... The structure of this compounds has not been established yet. Most probably, it is the first reaction induced by the effect of methyl-magnesium halide on dihydrothebaine, which is difficult to interpret (Table ...
... The structure of this compounds has not been established yet. Most probably, it is the first reaction induced by the effect of methyl-magnesium halide on dihydrothebaine, which is difficult to interpret (Table ...
Chapter 18 - The RedZone
... and Indirectly stimulates the receptor by causing the release of stored neurotransmitters from vesicles in the nerve endings ...
... and Indirectly stimulates the receptor by causing the release of stored neurotransmitters from vesicles in the nerve endings ...
New insights into enhancing morphine analgesia Tuomas
... administration. It did not prevent the development of opioid tolerance. Atipamezole, an alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the reversal of sedation in animals during anesthesia, was effective in augmenting intrathecal morphine antinociception in both opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant animals. T ...
... administration. It did not prevent the development of opioid tolerance. Atipamezole, an alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the reversal of sedation in animals during anesthesia, was effective in augmenting intrathecal morphine antinociception in both opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant animals. T ...
- Nottingham ePrints
... Reconsolidation is required to return a retrieved, unstable memory back to a stable form. Extinction is where a new memory about an association or event is formed that competes with the original memory. ...
... Reconsolidation is required to return a retrieved, unstable memory back to a stable form. Extinction is where a new memory about an association or event is formed that competes with the original memory. ...
Understanding the Mechanisms of Action of Methotrexate
... found that three SNPs in three genes were associated with good clinical response, and the greatest benefit was seen in patients with SNPs in all three genes. The same group then expanded their studies to determine 17 SNPs in 13 different genes related to the purine and pyrimidine synthesis among 205 ...
... found that three SNPs in three genes were associated with good clinical response, and the greatest benefit was seen in patients with SNPs in all three genes. The same group then expanded their studies to determine 17 SNPs in 13 different genes related to the purine and pyrimidine synthesis among 205 ...
Comparative Action of Sedative Hypnotics on Neurophysiology of
... three subunits-alpha, beta and gamma. GABAa receptor could be either pentameric or tetrameric protein in which the subunits assemble around a central pore. The GABAa receptor has separate binding sites for GABA, benzodiazepine, and barbiturates. There are six subgroups of alpha subunit and three eac ...
... three subunits-alpha, beta and gamma. GABAa receptor could be either pentameric or tetrameric protein in which the subunits assemble around a central pore. The GABAa receptor has separate binding sites for GABA, benzodiazepine, and barbiturates. There are six subgroups of alpha subunit and three eac ...
Side Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids
... receptors, the steroidal ligands are characterized by a considerable structural similarity and may often be biotransformed into each other. Therefore, a strict differentiation of steroids into functional subgroups is neither expected nor observed. All relevant endogenous steroid hormones are synthes ...
... receptors, the steroidal ligands are characterized by a considerable structural similarity and may often be biotransformed into each other. Therefore, a strict differentiation of steroids into functional subgroups is neither expected nor observed. All relevant endogenous steroid hormones are synthes ...
Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in
... and self-con®dence. Cardiovascular and adverse effects of MDMA were also attenuated by citalopram. Haloperidol selectively reduced MDMA-induced positive mood but had no effect on other subjective effects of MDMA or the cardiovascular or adverse responses to MDMA. Ketanserin selectively reduced MDMA- ...
... and self-con®dence. Cardiovascular and adverse effects of MDMA were also attenuated by citalopram. Haloperidol selectively reduced MDMA-induced positive mood but had no effect on other subjective effects of MDMA or the cardiovascular or adverse responses to MDMA. Ketanserin selectively reduced MDMA- ...
Dynorphin A1–13 Stimulates Ovine Fetal Pituitary
... controls through birth and into adulthood. Further, it may elucidate a mechanism by which exogenous administration of opioids during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on the fetus. We have administered dynorphin A1–13 and dynorphin A1–17 to the fetal lamb in utero and found a potent increase in ...
... controls through birth and into adulthood. Further, it may elucidate a mechanism by which exogenous administration of opioids during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on the fetus. We have administered dynorphin A1–13 and dynorphin A1–17 to the fetal lamb in utero and found a potent increase in ...
The Effects of the Preferential 5
... 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist DOI consistently disrupts PPI in rats and this effect could be blocked by the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100 907 (Padich et al, 1996; Sipes and Geyer, 1995) but not by the selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SDZ SER 082 (Sipes and Geyer, 1995). Moreover, Sip ...
... 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist DOI consistently disrupts PPI in rats and this effect could be blocked by the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100 907 (Padich et al, 1996; Sipes and Geyer, 1995) but not by the selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SDZ SER 082 (Sipes and Geyer, 1995). Moreover, Sip ...
The Sleep - American Osteopathic Association
... olanzapine have indications for psychotic disorders and mania • Antagonize dopamine, histamine (H1), serotonin (5HT2A), muscarinic, cholinergic, and α1 receptors • Similar to antidepressants, used at lower doses for treating insomnia: quetiapine 25-200 mg, olanzapine 2.5-20 mg • Olanzapine has longe ...
... olanzapine have indications for psychotic disorders and mania • Antagonize dopamine, histamine (H1), serotonin (5HT2A), muscarinic, cholinergic, and α1 receptors • Similar to antidepressants, used at lower doses for treating insomnia: quetiapine 25-200 mg, olanzapine 2.5-20 mg • Olanzapine has longe ...
NIH Public Access - The Scripps Research Institute
... The MAP-rFAAH structure remained as the only crystal structure of FAAH for many years. However, the high levels of expression of the h/rFAAH protein offered a new opportunity to solve structures of the enzyme that would be of great relevance to structure-based drug design. Indeed, as noted above, h/ ...
... The MAP-rFAAH structure remained as the only crystal structure of FAAH for many years. However, the high levels of expression of the h/rFAAH protein offered a new opportunity to solve structures of the enzyme that would be of great relevance to structure-based drug design. Indeed, as noted above, h/ ...
09107sgp04
... calculated logP values showed that Salmeterol had a logP one unit greater than salbutamol. During the recent Modification of the aryl ether group in Salmeterol, it was a great success that this improved the compound with significantly increased durations of action had been developed. Reference: ...
... calculated logP values showed that Salmeterol had a logP one unit greater than salbutamol. During the recent Modification of the aryl ether group in Salmeterol, it was a great success that this improved the compound with significantly increased durations of action had been developed. Reference: ...
cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and
... Americans met criteria for abuse or dependence of cocaine in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. After decades of research, no FDA-approved medications are available to treat cocaine addiction. The current treatment regime, therefore, is restricted to behavior ...
... Americans met criteria for abuse or dependence of cocaine in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. After decades of research, no FDA-approved medications are available to treat cocaine addiction. The current treatment regime, therefore, is restricted to behavior ...
Cocaine Is Self-Administered into the Shell but Not the Core of the
... microinfusion transducer; ANOVA, analysis of variance. ...
... microinfusion transducer; ANOVA, analysis of variance. ...
Nicotine sensitization and the effects of extended withdrawal
... involved in the progressive changes of neuronal function induced by repeated nicotine exposure. The rewarding effects of nicotine have been attributed to increased dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens, (nAc) after stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the ventral tegm ...
... involved in the progressive changes of neuronal function induced by repeated nicotine exposure. The rewarding effects of nicotine have been attributed to increased dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens, (nAc) after stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the ventral tegm ...
[Salvia divinorum - a potential drug for abuse]
... Selective kappa receptoragonists have been shown to produce analgesic effects with potential for reduced tolerance and dependence. However, psychotomimesis (hallucinogenic and/or psychotic effects), dysphoria and diuresis have been observed with their therapeutic use (Tidgewell et aI., 2004). In add ...
... Selective kappa receptoragonists have been shown to produce analgesic effects with potential for reduced tolerance and dependence. However, psychotomimesis (hallucinogenic and/or psychotic effects), dysphoria and diuresis have been observed with their therapeutic use (Tidgewell et aI., 2004). In add ...
Highly impulsive rats: modelling an endophenotype to determine the
... that is responsible for maladaptive impulsivity. Thus, animals that exhibit trait impulsivity have provided a useful experimental approach to the investigation of impulsivity. To date, a number of studies have identified particular strains of rodents that demonstrate increased levels of impulsivity ...
... that is responsible for maladaptive impulsivity. Thus, animals that exhibit trait impulsivity have provided a useful experimental approach to the investigation of impulsivity. To date, a number of studies have identified particular strains of rodents that demonstrate increased levels of impulsivity ...
Aldosterone and end-organ damage
... Aldosterone concentrations are inappropriately high in many patients with hypertension, as well as in an increasing number of individuals with metabolic syndrome and sleep apnoea. A growing body of evidence suggests that aldosterone and/or activation of the MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) contribute ...
... Aldosterone concentrations are inappropriately high in many patients with hypertension, as well as in an increasing number of individuals with metabolic syndrome and sleep apnoea. A growing body of evidence suggests that aldosterone and/or activation of the MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) contribute ...
Current and Potential Drugs for Treatment of Obesity
... diuresis, sodium excretion was increased and the first effective treatment for hypertension appeared. Orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, might be viewed as an analog of the diuretic. The loss of calories as undigested triglycerides would be like the loss of sodium with diuretics. The centrally ...
... diuresis, sodium excretion was increased and the first effective treatment for hypertension appeared. Orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, might be viewed as an analog of the diuretic. The loss of calories as undigested triglycerides would be like the loss of sodium with diuretics. The centrally ...
"Opioids in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulate ethanol intake."
... ethanol intake. To test this possibility, morphine and receptor-specific opioid agonists were microinjected in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats that had learned to drink ethanol. To crossvalidate the results, naloxone methiodide (m-naloxone), an opioid antagonist, was microinjected with the ...
... ethanol intake. To test this possibility, morphine and receptor-specific opioid agonists were microinjected in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats that had learned to drink ethanol. To crossvalidate the results, naloxone methiodide (m-naloxone), an opioid antagonist, was microinjected with the ...
Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system led to the development of CB1 receptor antagonists. The first cannabinoid receptor antagonist, rimonabant, was described in 1994. Rimonabant blocks the CB1 receptor selectively and it has been shown to decrease food intake and regulate body-weight gain. The prevalence of obesity worldwide is increasing dramatically and has a great impact on public health. The lack of efficient and well-tolerated drugs to cure obesity has led to an increased interest in research and development of cannabinoid antagonists. Cannabidiol, a naturally occurring cannabinoid, is a non-competitive CB1/2 antagonist.