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Chapter 4 Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Objectives • Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells. • Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell theory. • State the three principles of the cell theory. • Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The History of Cell Biology The Discovery of Cells • All living things are made up • A cell is the Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The History of Cell Biology The Discovery of Cells, continued • Hooke – Robert Hooke discovered • Leeuwenhoek – Anton van Leeuwenhoek was Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The History of Cell Biology The Cell Theory • The cell theory states that Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 The History of Cell Biology The Cell Theory, continued • Cellular Basis of Life – All living things are made of Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Objectives • Explain the relationship between cell shape and cell function. • Identify the factor that limits cell size. • Describe the three basic parts of a cell. • Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. • Analyze the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Cell Diversity • Cell Shape – A cell’s shape reflects its function. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Cell Diversity, Continued • Cell Size – Cell size is limited by a cell’s surface area–tovolume ratio. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Basic Parts of a Cell • The three basic parts of a cell are Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Basic Parts of a Cell, continued • Plasma Membrane – The cell’s outer boundary, called the Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Basic Parts of a Cell, continued • Cytoplasm – The region of the cell that is Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Basic Parts of a Cell, continued • Nucleus – The nucleus is a Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Two Basic Types of Cells • Prokaryotes – Prokaryote cells lack a Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Two Basic Types of Cells, continued • Eukaryotes – Eukaryote cells have Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Cellular Organization • In multicellular eukaryotes, Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Objectives • Describe the structure and function of a cell’s plasma membrane. • Summarize the role of the nucleus. • List the major organelles found in the cytosol, and describe their roles. • Identify the characteristics of mitochondria. • Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Plasma Membrane • Membrane Lipids – Cell membranes consist of Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Structure of Lipid Bilayer Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Plasma Membrane, continued • Membrane Proteins – Cell membranes often Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Plasma Membrane, continued - Cell surface markers – - Receptor proteins and Transport proteins – Extend across the membrane. - Peripheral proteins – - Some proteins exposed at the surface act as cell surface markers for viruses and other cells to recognize. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Plasma Membrane, continued - Integral proteins play important roles in Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Plasma Membrane, continued • Fluid Mosaic Model – The fluid mosaic model states that Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus • The nucleus directs Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus of a Cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus, continued • Nuclear Envelope – The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus, continued • Nucleolus – The nucleolus is the place where Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Mitochondria • Mitochondria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mitochondria - Contain Cristae which are inner folds that carry out the energy harvesting chemical reactions of cellular respiration. - Have their own Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Ribosomes • Ribosomes are either Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Endoplasmic Reticulum • The rough ER Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued • The smooth ER Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Golgi Apparatus • The Golgi apparatus Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Vesicles • Vesicles, including Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Vesicles, continued • Protein Synthesis – The rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Processing of Proteins Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Cytoskeleton • The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers that • The cytoskeleton includes Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Cytoskeleton, continued • Cilia and Flagella – Cilia and flagella are hairlike structures that Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Cytoskeleton, continued • Centrioles – Centrioles consist of Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Cytoskeleton, continued • Centrioles – Centrioles consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are – Plants lack centrioles. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Objectives • List three structures that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells. • Compare the plasma membrane,the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall. • Explain the role of the central vacuole. • Describe the roles of plastids in the life of a plant. • Identify features that distinguish prokaryotes, eukaryotes, plant cells, and animal cells. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Plant Cells • Plant cells have cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Cell Wall • In plant cells, a rigid cell wall Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Central Vacuole • Large central vacuoles Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Plastids • Plastids store • The chloroplast converts Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Comparing Cells • Prokaryotes, animal cells, and plant cells can be distinguished from each other by Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.