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Cellular Respiration The Cell Microtubules Microfilaments Microvilli Cilia Stereocilia Flagella Function? Cilia and flagella movement: • 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement Centrioles: used cell division in The Cell Ribosomes: used in protein assembly: • Free and membrane bound Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): packages the proteins: • Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis • Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture Protein Synthesis Stores Calcium Function: Transfer of messages from DNA Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm RER: Protein synthesis, storage, modification & transport vesicles SER: Synthesis and conversion of FA, steroids, and lipids In muscle: Ca2+ storage Receives substances from ER, refines and packages them TEM “Post office” of cell • Modification (labeling) of proteins • Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-bound spheres Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes, lysosomes Digestion (~ 50 enzymes) of bacteria and old Organelles “Garbage Can of the Cell” Smaller than Lysosomes Different set of enzymes Major function: Degradation of long chain Fatty Acids Generate hydrogen peroxide contain catalase Double membrane: inner membrane contains enzymes that break down foods Liberated energy used to create ATP Fat: triglycerides, long-term animals Glycogen: short-term energy storage in energy storage in animals, carbohydrate storage Definition = “All chemical reactions that take place within an organism.” Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions Anabolism: requires enzymes: • Making/assembling large molecules • May require energy (ATP) • Used in building up cell components • Used in storing energy Catabolism: requires enzymes: • Breakdown of molecules • May release energy • Used in breaking down nutrients/recycling cell components • Used to access energy storage Glucose provides energy for the cell Glycolysis: in cytoplasm: • Split glucose • Produce two ATP and two pyruvate molecules Krebs cycle: in mitochondria: • Extract high-energy electrons • Produce two ATP and carbon dioxide Electron transport system: in mitochondria: • Energy from electrons used to produce ATP • Produce water and carbon dioxide Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate Lactate Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle On the inner membrane of the mitochondria • Protein complexes including enzymes and iron- containing proteins called cytochromes Chemiosmotic Theory • Movement of electrons through the etc to produce ATP Fats: triglycerides carbohydrates Proteins: same have twice the energy of energy as carbohydrates Functions: • Contains the genetic information of the cell • Controls the cell Structural features: • Double-layered nuclear membrane • Nuclear pores • Chromosomes/chromatin • Nucleolus Control Center Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes for diffusion and active transport Chromatin (DNA and proteins) DNA forms genes One or more nucleoli