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Cell Theory
·All know living things are made up of
cells
·Cells are the basic unit of structure
and function in living things
·All cells come from pre-existing cells
·Clip
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Robert Hooke-1665
·First to see cells.
·First to use the word “cells”named for the places that
monks sleep in monastery
·Built first microscope
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Theodor Schwann
1839
Concluded that all animals are
made up of cells
Matthias Schleiden
1839
Concluded that all plant cells are made
up of cells
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Two basic Types of Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
DO HAVE
·Cell membrane
·Ribosomes
·DNA
DO NOT HAVE
·Organelles
·Nucleus
·Are all singled celled organisms.
·Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came 1st!
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Eukaryotic Cells
·Have organelles.
·Singled-celled or
multicellular organisms!
·2 Types: Plant and
Animal
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Basic Cell Structure
·Cells come in many different shapes and sizes.
·Like bricks in a building, cells make up all
living things
·Clip
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The Cell Membrane
·The outside of ALL cells are surrounded
by a membrane made of phospholipids.
·Nickname: “The gatekeeper”
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Membrane Structure
·There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things
into and out of the cells.
·They also help to get messages into the cell.
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The
Membrane is a
lipid bilayer.
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How do molecules get into
and out of a cell?
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Transport through the membrane
Two types
·Passive Transport
·Energy input NOT required
·Active Transport
·Energy input required
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Passive Transport
Moves material from High
Concentration to Low
concentration
3 types of Passive Transport
·Diffusion
·Osmosis
·Facilitated Diffusion
Protein
·Movement of
molecules from a
place of higher
concentration to a
place of lower
concentration
·Always higher to
lower!
·No energy input
required!
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Diffusion
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Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane
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·Types of solutions: The direction in which the
water moves is determined by the type of
solution.
·Remember water runs downhill!
· From high concentration to low
concentration.
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3 types of Solutions
What types of solution?
Hypertonic
Or
Hypotonic?
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Facilitated Diffusion
Particles moved with the help of membrane proteins
High
Concentration
Glucose
molecules
Cell Membrane bilayer
Low Concentration
Protein
channel
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Active Transport
·Energy is required.
·Need ATP- the
universal energy
molecule.
·Low to high
concentration
Let's review Passive Transport!
http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/biology1111/animations/passive1.swf
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Ways to get molecules into and out of a cell with
active transport
Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane.
Website
·Endocytosis
·Into
·Exocytosis
·Out of
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Exocytosis And Endocytosis
HERE
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Cell Structure
·Cells are composed of a
variety of structures that help
them do their jobs.
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Cell Wall
·Found in Plant, Fungi, and
Bacteria Cells
·Provides support and protection
·In plants, the cell wall is made of
the carbohydrate cellulose.
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/ribo.htm
Ribosomes
·Not technically an organelles.
·Nickname: “protein maker”
·They help put the amino acids
together to make proteins.
·Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA
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The Cytoplasm
·jelly-like substance
·contains all of the
organelles
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Organelles in the Cytoplasm
·Each organelle has a specific function so
that the cell can do its job.
·Each organelle has its own job!
·Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS
HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!
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What’s an organelle?
·Organelle mean “tiny organ.”
·Organelles function together to help the
cell carry out all of life’s activities!!
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Nucleus-The Control Center
·“The Brain”
·Contains the DNA
·DNA controls which
proteins get made-and
when!
·Where ribosomes are
made
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Nucleus
(Continued)
·has a phospholipid
bilayer around it
·nuclear pores allow
substances to move into
and out of the nucleus
·DNA NEVER leaves the
nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
·Membrane
system - function
= protein
synthesis and
transport.
·thought of as a
Highway and a
place of protein
synthesis.
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Two types of ER
·Smooth
·No attached ribosomes
·Rough
·Attached ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
·Nickname: “UPS”
·Packages molecules and sends
them to their destination.
·Also checks to make sure the
molecules are put together
correctly, if not correct it sends
them back to the ER.
Website
Let’s Review
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Vacuoles
· packages of
material that are
being stored and
transported
·Plants usually have
one large one
·Animals generally
have many small
ones.
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Lysosomes
·Nickname
“Recycling Center”
·Has digestive
enzymes that
breakdown and
recycle molecules.
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Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis in
plants.
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Cytoskeleton
·Gives cells their shape.
·Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments
(movement).
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Mitochondria
·Nickname:
“Powerhouse”
·Site of ATP
production
·ATP is the universal
energy molecule
·Energy is stored in
the bonds of ATP.
·Website
Plant cell
cell wall
chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
nucleolus
rough ER
ribosomes
mitochondria
vacuole
Animal cell
mitochondria
rough ER
microtubules
microfilaments
Golgi apparatus
nuclear pore
ribosomes
centriole
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Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Clip
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Levels of Organization
·Cells make up tissues.
·Tissues make up Organs.
·Organs make up organ systems.