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THAILAND’S NEWSPAPERS COVERAGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Choices and Challenges in Learning ESD Jessada Salathong Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract The study is aimed to understand how Thailand’s newspapers cover climate change issues, to study challenges and possibilities to employ climate change coverage to ESD teaching and learning, and to suggest how to make the climate change coverage to promote ESD. Methodologies are based on the triangulation of the interview with eight key informants and the content analysis of three national newspapers. The study yielded two main findings. The status quo of Thailand’s newspapers coverage on climate change: Thailand’s newspapers have prioritized climate change but there were some differences between quality newspapers and popular newspapers. Suggestions to cover climate change in the context of ESD and choices and challenges to employ them in ESD learning: generally, the make the coverage of climate change in the context of ESD shared many things in common with producing good environmental coverage. Although the coverage are very promising to educate the public about climate change as well as promote ESD learning, there are still many challenges due to the quality and the educational content of the coverage. The coverage in the context of ESD should reflect the interconnection among the main three pillars of sustainable development and the future-oriented view. Moreover, the successful ESD story should be a compelling story with impact. 1. Introduction During the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, the United Nations General Assembly designated 2005-2014 as the “Decade for Education for Sustainable Development” as a time frame to promote ESD (Education for Sustainable Development). The concept of “Core ESD Issues”, then, has also been proposed by UNESCO Bangkok – the lead agency promoting ESD in Asia-Pacific – to be a main focus area of ESD framework. Among the core issues, climate change was identified in UNESCO’s Working Paper: Asia-Pacific Regional Strategy for ESD (UNESCO Bangkok 2005b, 4). The various impacts of climate change could also cause 1 serious problems for all walks of life especially people from developing countries, including Thailand, which forms the basis of the author’s present case study. In the UNESCO working paper, the importance of the role of the media in promoting ESD was also cited. The working paper identified the media as one of the five key groups of stakeholders in promoting ESD, alongside governments and intergovernmental bodies, civil society, NGOs and the private sector (UNESCO 2005b, 10-11). According to the working paper, the media plays an integral role in increasing awareness and developing public ownership of the ESD vision. Among the different forms of media, newspapers can be considered to be one of the most influential in Thailand. Their importance has been attested by Srisawang (1989, 2), who pointed out their role in the education of society, raising its level of awareness and concern for environmental problems. Having established the link between climate change, education and the media, this study will concentrate on Thailand’s newspaper coverage of climate change, and how newspapers, as a form of media, play a role in supporting the framework of ESD. At the same time, given the author’s academic background in environmental science and prior experience as a journalist, this study will examine how climate change can be used as a theme to study ESD issues. The interactions between each field of study as envisioned by the author can be characterized graphically in figure 1. Figure 1 Focused area of the study The present study has two main goals: 1) to understand how Thailand’s newspapers cover climate change issues as well as choices and challenges to use them in learning ESD 2) to suggest how Thailand’s newspapers cover climate change stories in the context of ESD. 2 2. Backgrounds 2.1 Newspapers in Thailand Although newspapers might be less popular compare to other mainstream media forms, namely television and radio, an advantage newspapers have over them is the ease in which they can be archived and easily used as an educational tool. Hence, among the mainstream media, the role of newspapers in environmental education can be considered the most long-lasting (Rerkpornpipat 2008). To categorize newspapers in Thailand, Siriyuwasak (2005) suggested six approaches. This study, however, focuses on the categorization by content. By this mean, newspapers can be categorized into two groups, popular newspapers and quality newspapers. Popular newspapers focus on human interest and give more priority to the coverage of weird and novel happenings which are easily accessible to a broad range of readers. On the other hand, quality newspapers present harder and more complicated news items. Therefore, the first group of papers tends to have a greater circulation than the latter. World Association of Newspapers (WAN) (2008) reported that while newspaper circulations world-wide rose 2.3 percent in 2006, circulations in Thailand increased 12.31 percent and remained unchanged in 2007. According to Siriyuwasak’s frames and the WAN report, some key information about main national daily newspapers in Thailand is presented in Table 1. Table 1 Newspapers in Thailand Newspaper Language Content Readership Size Circulation Thai Rath Thai Popular Mass Broad Sheet 1,200,000 (36) Daily News Thai Popular Mass Broad Sheet 900,000 (56) Khom Chad Luek Thai Popular Mass Broad Sheet 850,000 (59) Khao Sod Thai Popular Mass Broad Sheet 600,000 (97) Matichon Thai Quality Mass Broad Sheet 600,000 (98) Krungthep Turakij Thai Quality Leader/Elite Broad Sheet NA Post Today Thai Quality Leader/Elite Broad Sheet NA Manager Thai Quality Leader/Elite Broad Sheet NA Bangkok Post English Quality Leader/Elite Broad Sheet 65,000 The Nation English Quality Leader/Elite Broad Sheet 54,000 Note NA: Information is not available ( ) is ranking in WAN’s World’s 100 Largest Newspapers Source: Modification based on Siriyuwasak (2005) and WAN (2005) 3 2.2 Climate Change Coverage in the Context of ESD Although the existence and science of climate change had been controversial and debatable, rising temperatures and the change of climate has been a subject of copious debate/discussion in the media during recent years. The existence of climate change in media discourse is hence an established fact. However, this study will not deal with the science of climate change, but focus more on its presence in the context of the media. Concerning the use of the term “climate change” as opposed to the other frequently used “global warming”, UNESCO clarified their meaning difference in Media as Partners in ESD: A Training and Resource Kit. “Climate change” is a more accurate term than “global warming”, because although the average global temperature is rising, some parts of the world may in fact become colder. A study by Boykoffs (2007, 1191) about climate change and journalistic norms also noted that “climate change” and “global warming” are scientifically distinct; however, it can be used interchangeably1. In Thai language, “global warming”, “Phaawa Lokron” or simply “Lokron”, seems to be dominant since rising temperature is a more prevalent phenomenon in the country. This study recognizes that the two terms may be used interchangeably depending on context, but will only use “climate change” as it reflects a more general view. Same as climate change, there are many proposals and debates on the definition of ESD. However, there is no single, universally accepted one. Despite the debate regarding a precise definition of ESD, this study refer to the meaning of ESD as stated in UNESCO’s Promotion of Global Partnership for the UN Decade of ESD: The International Implementation Scheme for the Decade in Brief as “education that highlights the complexity and interdependence of three spheres, the environment, society- broadly defined to include culture – and the economy” (UNESCO, 2006). This mean one characteristic of a coverage in the context of ESD is the multi dimensional interconnection between the spheres. As sustainable development is a central part of ESD, in order to figure out the characteristics of ESD, the notion of sustainable development should be taken into account. The most widely referred to definition of sustainable development seems to lie in Our Common Future. It defined sustainable development as “development that meets 1 “Global warming” refers to a more specific facet of climate change: the climate characteristic of temperature while “climate change” also accounts for changes in other climate characteristics, such as rainfall, ice extent and sea levels (Boykoff and Boykoff 2007, 1191) 4 the needs of the present generation without compromising” (WCED, 1987). This definition of sustainable development leads to the second characteristic of ESD: future oriented. In addition, Bassorie (2007) also concluded in the same fashion that “ESD is the effort to create public understanding about the importance of sustainable development in the daily lives of all human beings today and in future generations.” Based on the main two characteristics mentioned above, it is proposed that coverage of climate change in the context of ESD should be balanced by two manners, as showed in figure 2. Future oriented vision Interconnection Figure 2 Characteristics of ESD In order to scrutinize how a climate change story can be covered in the context of ESD, the guidelines proposed in Media as Partners in ESD: A Training and Resource Kit, chapter 1: Climate Change (UNESCO 2008, 6-12) is studied. It is stated that “DESD provides an opportunity to promote active learning and suggests ways to make sense of climate change issues in the context of people’s daily lives,” (Ibid., 6). This part clearly suggested a direction to adopt in conveying three key messages when reporting about climate change issues as follows: Climate change is a global problem, yet each of us has the power to make a difference. Even small changes in our behavior can help prevent greenhouse emissions without affecting our quality of life. Actions to address climate change need to be taken at all levels by everyone (Ibid.,6) Although Partners in ESD: A Training and Resource suggested some general guidelines to cover climate change stories in the context of ESD, there is still a lack of any guide for a journalist to cover stories in the context of ESD, especially in Thailand. 5 3. Methodologies The study employed the triangulation of two methodologies—document analysis and interview. Figure 3 provides an overview of the research design. Figure 3 Overview of the research design The three national dailies; Thairath, Matichon and Bangkok Post; were selected to represent different readership. Year 2007 was focused as it showed the most significance according to the preliminary study on Matichon e-Library2 as shown in figure 4. No. o f articles 400 300 Thairath 200 Matichon 100 Bangkok Post 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Years Figure 4 Coverage of climate change in selected newspapers, 1997-2007 2 http://www.matichonelibrary.com/ 2006 2007 For the interviews, the samples were selected mainly for informative purposes. Their involvement in climate change coverage and ESD are the main criteria. The study divided informants into two main groups—media and ESD informants. Eight informants were selected in total. 4. The status quo of Thailand’s newspapers coverage on climate change 4.1 Frequency The coverage of climate change in the three newspapers in total is 654 articles. The details and percentage are presented in figure 5. 350 300 No. of articles 250 200 150 100 50 0 Thairath Matichon Bangkok Post Newspapers Figure 5 Frequency of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers, 2007 The figure shows that Matichon had the highest total number of articles on climate change with 305 articles. The second is Bangkok Post with 182 articles. The least total number of articles belonged to Thairath with 167 articles. Assistant editors from Thairath and Bangkok Post confirmed that the climate change trend made the newspapers’ more concerned about the issues and it became their agenda to inform the public on issues surrounding climate change (Sawaisaenyakorn 2008, Samabhudhi 2008). The informant from Matichon added that climate change was adopted as the annual agenda of the whole Matichon group including other two daily newspapers, magazines and Matichon Book (Nunman 2008). In line with this, climate change issues became one of the reporting agendas of Matichon. However, the reporter from Thairath commented that the less frequency of climate change news in Thairath might derive 7 from the high competition with other news, especially human interest news which is the main focus of the newspaper (Puraya 2008). Generally speaking, quality newspapers, Matichon and Bangkok Post, have higher frequencies than popular newspaper, Thairath. This is probably due to popular newspapers tending to focus more on human interest gimmick or soft news. Therefore, climate change issues, which are generally considered as hard news, are often excluded. Since popular and quality newspaper, as a gate keeper, releases climate change articles to their readers in different amounts, the climate change knowledge and concern of people who receives this information may vary. As media also plays an important role in terms of agenda setting, climate change issues among readers from quality newspapers would be different from those that cater to a much larger demography. In monthly average, each newspaper presents 18.2 articles per month. Matichon covers the climate change issues 25.4 articles per month, while Thairath and Bangkok Post have 13.9 and 15.7articles per month. The details of frequency of the coverage in each month are illustrated in figure 6 and table 2. Table 2 Distribution of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers, 2007 by month Newspaper Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2 4 14 8 25 13 11 22 20 16 11 21 167 (1) (2) (8) (5) (14) (8) (7) (13) (12) (10) (7) (13) (100) 12 11 13 26 25 32 23 38 37 29 26 33 305 (4) (4) (4) (9) (8) (10) (8) (11) (12) (10) (9) (11) (100) 8 5 5 15 24 16 18 11 19 11 17 33 182 (4) (3) (3) (8) (13) (9) (10) (6) (10) (6) (9) (19) (100) Thairath Matichon Bangkok Post Note: ( ) is percentage 40 No . o f a rticle s 35 30 25 20 Thairath 15 Matichon Bangkok Post 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Months Figure 6 Monthly frequency of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers, 2007 8 Dec Schulte suggested that coverage concerning climate change correlates with a specific event or series of events (2006, 45). In the same fashion, the study found that one of the most reported events seems to be UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, Indonesia, in December. Therefore, the amount of articles in Bangkok Post, which generally prioritize international events, reached its peak during this month. In the same month, the rest also showed a high amount of coverage, with 33 (11%) and 21 (13%) in Matichon and Thairath respectively. The second most reported issue seems to be the IPCC’s series of reports especially the one from GW3 that was launched in Bangkok in May. Bangkok Post even gave priority to the IPCC conference in Bangkok as it covered the news surrounding climate change issues in its series of report titled “Warming Up”. Other events that led to a high coverage are showed in table 3. Table 3 Timeline of major events surrounding climate change in 2007 Date Major Events in 2007 2 Feb IPCC’s WG1 "The Physical Science Basis" was launched in Paris, France 25 Feb Oscar went to An Inconvenient Truth 30 Mar - 10 Apr 35th National Book Fair & 5th Bangkok International Book Fair 2007 (Matichon launched the Thai version of An Inconvenient Truth) 6 Apr IPCC’s WG2 "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" was launched in Brussels, Belgium 30 Apr IPCC’s WG3 gathered in Bangkok to finalize its report 4 May IPCC’s WG3 "Mitigation of Climate Change" report was launched in Bangkok 9 May Light Out Campaign in Bangkok 5 Jun World Environment Day 7 Jul Live Earth concerts 12 Aug H.M. Queen Sirikit’s birthday (She made a speech concerning climate change) 2 - 9 Sep APEC Australia 22 Sep Car Free Day 12 Oct Al Gore and IPC jointly won Nobel Peace Prize 25 Oct UNEP’s Global Environment Outlook (GEO-4) assessment report was launched 3-15 Dec UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, Indonesia Although certain events trigger a surge in the amount of articles, sometimes coverage is not correlated with any distinguished event. It is very interesting to see a number of coverage during August in Thairath and Matichon since there was no direct climate change event. However, it may be due to the APEC summit in Australia that 9 included a debate on climate change and the speech touching upon climate change by Her Majesty Queen Sirikit of Thailand on her birthday. 4.2 Placement Figure 7, shows a picture of the page distribution of climate change coverage in the newspapers. Unlike Matichon and Bangkok Post, Thairath has a big cluster of climate change coverage in a certain page. 100% 80% others 60% 5th most frequent 4th most frequent 3rd most frequent 40% 2nd most frequent Most frequent 20% 1st Page 0% Thairath Matichon Bangkok Post Newspapers Figure 7 Distribution of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers by page, 2007 In total, only 32 of the 654 articles (4.9%) are on the front page. Off all the dailies, Matichon has the most coverage on the front page with 22 (7%) of the total relevant articles. Thairath and Bangkok Post places a close number of climate change articles on the front page as 4 (2%), and 6 (3%), respectively. UNFCCC conference as well as other UN reports and conferences on climate change occupy Matichon’s front page most often. The two climate change issues that received large amount of priority are the news about global warming’s effects on soft coral in Andaman Sea and Al Gore’s Nobel Peace Prize. Both stories were presented as headline news accompanied with photos on the front page. Front page coverage in Bangkok Post also varied with both domestic and international issues covered. However, Thairath only focuses on a domestic scale. Among four articles on Thairath’s front page, two are presented in a form of “scoop”, feature surrounding general information about climate change inside the newspaper. Another two focused on comments about climate change from 10 prominent figures—Queen Sirikit and Bhichit Rattakul, former governor of BMA and senior advisor of ADPC. In general, quality newspapers prioritize climate change in its front page more than popular newspaper. As previously discussed, placement on the front page has a greater impact on the public as it can be easily seen without buying or reading the content inside the newspaper. Aside from that, it tends to be used by other Medias like news commentary programs in television or radio. Therefore, if popular newspaper places climate change articles on its front cover, there would be more chances to raise the issue of climate change into the wider public discourse. Besides the front page, climate change coverage is distributed in different pages as presented in table 4. Table 4 Distribution of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers, 2007 by page 1st Most 2nd most 3rd most 4th most 5th most Others Page frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent pages 7p:sci& 15p: Total newspapers 2p:Int’l Thairath 4(2) 22(7) Bangkok BKK 35(21) 20(12) 10p:local/ 21p: 20p:main 5p: from 1p quality of life feature feature /quality of life 35(11) 32 (10) 21(7) 20(7) 2p:National 5p:Int’l 9p: Int’l 46 (27) Post 6(3) 22(12) news 13(8) 39(13) 8p:Int’l 167 agro 32p:Int’l Matichon 19p:from 1p/short 8p:econ 22(12) 14(8) 36(22) 14(8) 305 136(45) 3p:National/ 6p:Int’l _ p. is page no, :_ is page details, ( ) is percentage As much as 46 articles (27%) of climate change coverage in Thairath appears in page 2, which is dedicated to international news follows by page 7 (science and agriculture), page 15 (Bangkok), page 8 (economic) and page 19 (continued story from front page and short news). The remainder of the newspaper contains only 36 articles (22%) of the coverage. Matichon presents climate change issues most frequently with 39 articles (13%) in its page 32 that belong to international news section. The rest of the coverage is shared by feature and quality of life space on page 35, 32, 21 and 20. Every Sunday, however, the daily dedicates pages 8 and 9 to people’s way of life and environmental issues under a series of feature stories called “Katichon”. Bangkok Post presents climate change coverage most often in page 8 (international) and 2 (national) 11 (100) 182 94(47) 10(5+5) Note: (100) 13(8) (100) with the same frequency of 22 (12%). The rest are mostly dedicated to international news follows by national news. 4.3 Visuals In total, 195 of the 654 articles (29.8%) contain visuals. Overall, Matichon has the most coverage containing visuals with the high number of 128 (42%). Bangkok Post rank in the second with 49 articles (27%). The last place belongs to Thairath with only 26 articles (15%). Figure 8 and table 5 provide the proportion of visuals used by the newspapers. 100% 80% 60% graphic picture 40% no visuals 20% 0% Thairath Matichon Bangkok Post Newspapers Figure 8 Visuals of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers, 2007 Table 5 Visuals of climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers, 2007 Newspaper Visuals No visual Total Graphic/diagram Photo Thairath 0 (0) 26 (15) 149 (85) 167 (100) Matichon 24 (8) 104 (34) 177 (58) 305 (100) Bangkok Post 4 (2) 45 (25) 133 (73) 182 (100) Note: ( ) is percentage None of the newspapers use cartoons and illustrations. Thairath has no article containing graphics. On another hand, Matichon use graphics more often among the three with 24 articles (8%). There are a few articles that even contain both graphics and photos. The graphics used in Matichon and Bangkok Post are scientifically illustrative 12 in the form of statistic bars and charts or scientific models of climate change related chemical reaction. Due to its complication, this might be a reason why Thairath avoids using them. Matichon has most articles containing photos, 104 (34%), follows by Bangkok Post, 45 (25%) and Thairath 26 (15%). The photos often depict natural calamities such as droughts and floods as well as major international events especially IPCC and UNFCC conferences. Prominent people surrounding international and national climate change movement are also often presented. Al Gore is one of the internationally recognized figures that have been featured the most often while Bangkok mayor, Apirak Gosayothin, represents the domestic side. Matichon, however, also regularly presents photos of An Inconvenient Truth book in Thai version and its anti-global warming activities, which is the publishing company’s flagship project since 2007. It can be clearly seen that quality newspapers give more importance to visuals than its counterparts. The high amount of articles with visuals may reflects that quality newspaper give more priority on climate change. 5. Choices and Challenges in Learning in the Context of ESD Many research shows that newspapers can be used as an effective tool in classroom (Schaupp and Lane 1992 and Ngunpat 1994). Although other form of media like TV or websites seems to be promising, newspaper is still a good choice as it is achievable and cheap. Moreover, the internet access in Thailand is still limited as the 2007 Information and Communication Technology Survey by National Statistical Office, Ministry of ICT reveal that there are about 9,320,000 Internet users or only around 1.6% of the total population (NSO, 2008). In teaching and learning ESD, the climate change coverage in Thailand’s newspapers is promising as plenty of coverage has been produced over the past few years. However, all the stakeholders especially reporters and instructors have to be equipped with a knowledge about ESD. A discussion of a newspaper article is not only bringing the new atmosphere to the class but also providing students with an opportunity to make a discussion and analysis on the basis of the real illustration of the real situation. Schaupp and Lane (1992, 227) suggested the basic approach to the use of newspaper articles as case discussion. Based on that suggestion, the case climate change article discussion in the context of ESD is: 13 1) Selection of an article. 2) Gathering background information. 3) Class discussion of the article (The class should be reminded about the characteristics of as mentioned previously.) 4) Summary discussion and recommendations. (Relevant speakers may be invited.) However, teaching and learning ESD is not only being confined within a class room. As ESD can be perceived in various forms of education including non formal education and live long education, climate change coverage that is reported in the context of ESD would be beneficial. Thailand’s newspapers have prioritized climate change issue more particularly in 2007. However, despite the quantity, quality of the coverage is being questioned. The main concern is the lack of analytical and informative coverage. In this regard, although the newspapers present a number of coverage, they might not effectively educate the public about climate change. As one option to ensure effective and educational coverage, climate change coverage in the context of ESD is suggested. Suggested content 1) Climate change is a global problem. 2) Everyone is affected but everyone can make a difference. 3) Preventing greenhouse emissions can be done in our daily life without affecting our quality of life. 4) Actions to address climate change need to be taken at all levels by everyone. 5) The coverage should be future-oriented, think about the effect in the future. 6) Skeptics’ view should be kept. 7) More analytical style is preferred. 8) Story has to be interesting yet educational and informative that encourages readers to think further. 9) The coverage has to be linked with other aspects in a way that make the readers realize the impact of climate change on them. 10) The successful one should be a compelling story with impact. 11) The story should be investigative Suggested writing and presentation style 12) Explanation on what is possible and what is being done. 13) Report on case studies will reflect problems and solutions. 14) Exaggerated claims should be filtered out. 15) Communication to the audience should be in a highly understandable way. 16) Jargon and English terms should be avoided. 14 17) Comments and opinions from experts should be added. 18) Informing people about conventions and international agreements have to be ensured. 19) Graphics, cartoon, and the story of a certain case is recommended. Suggested actions for journalists and newspapers 20) Journalists need to update and equip themselves with climate change information. 21) Certain space is needed. 22) Popular newspaper should play more role as it has a mass readership. Generally speaking, covering climate change in the context of ESD is very similar to producing good environmental coverage. However, future oriented and interconnected characteristics should be highlighted. It can be more elaborated as the informants suggested that the coverage has to be linked with other aspects in a way that make the readers realize the impact to them as well as the effect on the future. In order to have a good coverage of climate change in the context of ESD, features or columns are preferred since they allow reporters/writers to add more information, visuals, details as well as more space to point out the interconnection or the impact in the future. However, news coverage is still important keep the readers informed about the fresh climate change issues. It can fit into the limitation of space. To make the climate change news go along with ESD, however, the series of news reporting in a certain period might be an option. Moreover, the news especially on the front page can be a good way to capitalize in opening a new topic about climate change and bringing better coverage either in a form of feature or column. 6. Conclusion Quantitatively speaking, Matichon had the highest frequency, front page coverage and visuals of climate change coverage, followed by Bangkok Post and Thairath. Based on quantitative proxies mentioned above, quality newspaper seems to give more priority to climate change issues. Another point that can be noticed is the articles contained both strands of action against climate change: mitigation and adaptation. Qualitatively speaking, climate change was generally framed under international news with the key figures of IPCC, UNFCC and Al Gore. National news frame that was secondly mentioned generally cover the story of diseases or natural calamities. Through news value lenses, conflict is not an outstanding value of climate 15 change story like other environmental news. Hence, other news value is strong in climate change coverage. In addition, Quality newspaper seemed to present climate change coverage with more information and details such as charts or pictures. The qualitative and quantitative differences between quality and popular newspaper should be marked. As newspapers also plays an important role in agenda setting and educating the public, the differences may divide climate change knowledge and perception between the readers of quality and popular newspaper, which is the majority of the country’s population. Because of the rising trend of climate change, Thailand’s newspaper has prioritized climate change issue more in 2007. This highlights an opportunity to employ the climate change article as a tool of learning ESD. However, despite the quantity, quality of the coverage is being questioned. The main concern is the lack of analytical and informative coverage. Among a number of climate change coverage, PR news and unrelated news are also spotted. The lack of analytical perspective also weakens the quality of the coverage to merely reporting an event on the ground. In this regard, although the newspapers present a number of coverage, they might not effectively educate the public about climate change. Although providing a space for climate change story is easier than ever, limitations still exist. The most important one seem to be the lack of a certain space for the coverage. Having a specific space can secure climate change coverage from a high competition with other news especially in popular newspaper that human interest type of news is prioritized. 7. References Bassorie, Warief Djanto. 2007. The ESD story: Make it compelling. In ESD Media Workshop: Testing the tool kit, UNESCO, Bangkok, Aug 14-17 2007. Bangkok: UNESCO. Boykoff, Maxwell T. and Jules M. Boykoff. 2007. Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of US mass-media coverage. Geoforum, 38(2007), 1190-1204. IPCC. 2001. Annex B: Glossary of terms. Climate change 2001: Working group II: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/689.htm, (accessed June 1, 2008) IPCC. 2007. Working group III report: Mitigation of climate change. IPCC reports. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg3.htm, (accessed June 1, 2008). National Statistical Office, Ministry of Information and Communication Technology. 2008. 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