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Inheritance of Protein Content and Grain Yield in Half Diallel
Maize ( Zea Mays L.) Populations
Gül Ebru Orhun
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Bayramiç Vocational College. Çanakkale – TURKEY
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
A half dialellcrossing design was carried out during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons under Çanakkale Turkey ecological conditions. In this research, 20 F1 maize hybrids obtained by 6x6 half diallel crossing
were used. Gene action for protein content and grain yield traits were explored in half set involving six elite
inbred lines. According to the results diallel analysis dominance and additive gene variances were
determined for protein content.
Variance/ Co-variance graphs revealed for grain yield and protein content traits.
In this study, inheritance of grain yield and protein content demonstrated over-dominance type of gene
action.
Key words:
protein, maize (Zea mays L.) , dominance, diallel , inheritance
Introduction
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major cereal crops as raw material for the industry. In 2010, maize
production was 704 million tons; while in 2007, it was estimated to reach 800 million tons. Maize, with a
remarkable productive potential among the cereals, is the third most important grain crop after wheat and
rice ( Saleem et. al. 2008). Maize is used for human consumption (20%), livestock feed (66%), and for
industrial purposes (10%). The ratio protein content in maize kernels strongly impacts human and livestock
health, but is a complex trait that is difficult to select based on phenotype (Burlingame et. al. 2009). The
production of 817 million tons of maize in 2009 (Anoumyous 2009) makes it one of the most important
crops in the world, and that is projected to be the largest source of calories in the human diet by
2020 (Rosegrant et.al.2001).
Maize cultivars have a wide diversity of genetic traits. Grain yield is a complex phenomenon which results
from the interaction of various contributing factors highly influenced by environmental variation. Maize
breeders and researchers have long recognized the potential for higher grain yield and protein content in
maize.
Inheritance of maize grain yield and quality depends on knowledge of the genetic mechanism governing
related traits. Diallel cross technique developed by Hayman(1954) and Jinks(1954). Hayman (1954) and
Jinks (1954) developed diallel cross technique that provides information on the inheritance mechanism. The
technique helps the maize breeders to make effective selection. Diallel crossing programmes estimates
combining ability of parents, gene effects and heterotic effects of population. Dominance gene action is
desirable for developing hybrids and additive gene action implies that standard selection protocols would be
effective enough in breeding about improving the character (Edwards et al.,1976). Srdic et al. (2007)
reported that dominant gene effects were significant in maize grain yield. Wattoo et al. (2009) reported that
protein contents in kernel were controlled by additive type for gene action.
The purpose of this work is to investigate the inheritance and to determine gene actions of the protein level
and grain yield in the half diallel maize population.
Materials and Methods
In this study, 20 F1 hybrids obtained by 6x6 half diallel crossing and six inbred dent corn were used as the
material. The experiments were conducted in randomized block design with 4 replicates. This study was
carried out in Çanakkale ecological conditions 2011 and 2012 growing season. First year 6 pattern The plots
were represented by 4 rows, and 5m long. Cultural practices were consistent with the production of maize at
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this location. Ears of plants were harvested by hand at the time of maturation. Then the grains were
separated from the cobs and dried to 15% moisture content. Protein contents (%) in kernel were calculated
by Kejdahl method as described by Kirk and Sawyer (1991). Protein percentage was calculated by
multiplying nitrogen percentage with 6.25.The grains were threshed by hand. Data pertaining to grain yield
and protein contents (%) in kernel were statistically analyzed according to Steel and Torrie (1960) method,
using the Tarpopgen computer packaged program. Correlation coefficients were also calculated using the
Tarpopgen packaged program. Characters showing significant differences among the genotypes were
further analyzed for gene action by using diallel technique developed by Hayman (1954) and Jinks
(1954).Data obtained from 6 parents and 20 F1 were analyzed by Jinks-Hayman type diallel analysis for
genetic parameters (Jinks and Hayman, 1953). The analyses were performed using the Tarpopgen program
( Özcan 1999).
Resullts and Discussion
Grain Yield Per Decare:
Analysis of variance indicated that the differences among the genotypes were highly significant (P<0.05)
(Table 1). Vr/Wr graph was shown in Figure 1. From the graphical presentation in Figure 2, it is apparent
that the regression line passes below the point of origin. The graph shows over-dominance type of gene
action in the inheritance of grain yield. The results corroborate the findings of Wattoo et.al (2009),
Orhun(2010), who reported that this trait was under the control of over-dominance type of gene action. It is
apparent from the graphical illustration that inbred lines 1.2.3 possessed most dominant genes being in close
vicinity to the point of origin. Inbred line 5 being away from the point of origin carried most recessive
genes. As it is presented in Table dominance gene variance and additive gene variance were found
significant statistically. The frequency of dominant and recessive allels was found 0.29. In population,
narrow and broad sense heritability obtained 0.39 and 0.79, respectively. Being so low of narrow sense
suggested that additive gene was not playing an important role for grain yield.
Table 1 Preliminary analysis of variance grain yield
Source of variation
Degrees of freedom
Mean Squares
F value
Replication
3
148396. 351
8.626*
Genotype
20
459105.632
26.686*
Error
60
17203.799
Total
83
Protein contents in grain (%)
Analysis of variance in Table 2., indicated that the differences among the genotypes were highly significant
(P< 0.05). Vr/Wr is shown in Figure 2. From the graphical presentation (Figure 1), it is evident that the
regression line passes below the point of origin which suggests the over dominance type of gene action for
this character. As the regression line did not show any significant deviation from the unit slope, it showed
the absence of gene interaction. It is evident from the relative position of the array points on the regression
line that inbred 4,1,2 being nearer to the point of origin possessed maximum dominant genes, while inbred
line 6 being away from the origin, carried more recessive genes. D parameter was significant, which shows
additive type of gene action for this character also (Table3). The result of this research supported by those
of Shabbir and Saleem (2002), Mebrahtu and Muhammed (2003) and Wattoo et. al. (2009), who
demonstrated that protein contents in kernel was controlled by additive type of gene action.As it is
presented in Table 3. dominance gene variance (H1, H2) and heterozygote locus effect (h2) were found
significant statistically. The frequency of dominant and recessive allels were found 0.32. In population,
narrow and broad sense heritability obtained 0.04 and 0.59, respectively. Being so low of narrow sense
suggested that additive gene was not playing an important role for protein content.
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Table 2 Preliminary analysis of variance protein content
Source of variation
Degrees of freedom
Mean Squares
Replication
1
0.095
Genotype
20
4.574
Error
20
0.745
Total
41
F value
6.137*
Table 3 Genetic variances components and regarding ratios for protein content and grain yield
Genetic Parameters
Protein content
D (additive genetic variance)
1,54±0,744*
H1 ( dominance variance)
6,48±1,889*
H2(corrected dominance variance)
7,54±1,687*
F
-0,54±1,818
5,51±1,136*
H2 ( heterozygote locuse effect)
E ( environment effect)
0,36±0,281
D-H1
-4,94±1,656
2,05
(H1/D)1/2
H2/4H1
KD/KR
0,29
0,84
Heritability degree ( Broad sense)
0,59
Heritability degree (narrow sense)
0.04
K ( gene number)
0.68
Yr, Wr+Vr
r=0,960
Grain yield
163.237,66±60.859,734*
276.810,42± 154.497,976
351.250,08±138.016,905*
44.559,54± 148.680,393
42.713,76± 92.894,485
5.862,77± 23.002,817
-113.572,76± 135.491,173
1,30
0,32
1,23
0,79
0,39
0,12
r= 0.891
*) : 0.05 significant
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Figure 1 Wr-Vr graph for protein content
Figure 2 Wr-Vr graph for grain yield
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Conclusion
It was concluded that grain yield and protein content traits were controlled by additive and non-additive
genes. In this study, inheritance of grain yield and protein content demonstrated over-dominance type of
gene action. Additionally, it was determined that inheritance of grain yield and protein content affected by
additive gene action.
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