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Download Table 1.1 Twenty five major food crops of the world.
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Table 1.1 Twenty five major food crops of the world. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wheat Rice Corn Potato Barley Sweet potato Cassava Grapes Soybean Oats 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sorghum Sugarcane Millets Banana Tomato Sugar beet Rye Oranges Coconut Cottonseed oil 21 22 23 24 25 Apples Yam Peanut Watermelon Cabbage The ranking is according to total tonnage produced annually. (Source: Harlan, 1976) Table 1.2 An operational classification of technologies of plant breeding. Classical/traditional tools Emasculation Hybridization Wide crossing Selection Chromosome counting Chromosome doubling Male sterility Triploidy Linkage analysis Statistical tools Common use of the technology/tool making a completer flower female; preparation for crossing crossing un-identical plants to transfer genes or achieve recombination crossing of distantly related plants the primary tool for discriminating among variability determination of ploidy characteristics manipulating ploidy for fertility to eliminate need for emasculation in hybridization to achieve seedlessness for determining association between genes for evaluation of germplasm Relatively advanced tools Mutagenesis Tissue culture Haploidy Isozyme markers In situ hybridization to induce mutations to create new variability for manipulating plants at the cellular or tissue level used to create extremely homozygous diploid to facilitate the selection process detect successful interspecific crossing More sophisticated tools DNA markers – RFLP – RAPD more effective than protein markers (isozymes) PCR-based molecular marker Advanced technology Molecular markers Marker assisted selection DNA sequencing Plant genomic analysis Bioinformatics Microarray analysis Primer design Plant transformation SSR, SNPs, etc. facilitate the selection process ultimate physical map of an organism studying the totality of the genes of an organism computer-based technology for prediction of biological function from DNA sequence data to understand gene expression and for sequence identification for molecular analysis of plant genome for recombinant DNA work Table 1.3 Selected seed companies in various parts of the world. Holland Bakker Brothers Bejo Zaden BV De Ruiter Seeds Pinnar Seed BV Van Dijke Zaden Enza Zaden BV Nikerson-Zwaan BV Germany Hild Samen GmbH Nikerson-Zwaan GmbH United Kingdom CN Seed Ltd. Tozer Seeds Nikerson-Zwaan GmbH France Clause Panam Semences Vilmorin Technisem Gautier Semences South Africa Capstone Seeds Gellman Seeds Pty. Ltd. JW Seeds Pinnar Seed Sensako Kenya Pinnar Seed United States of America Seminis Syntenta Seeds Monsanto DeKalb Danson Seeds Campbell’s Seed Burpee Pioneer