Download If we are composed of cells, what are cells made of? Building Blocks

LT- Today, I can apply my understanding
of the role of biomolecules in the body by
solving problems as I draw evidence from
informational texts and video.
What are biomolecules?
What role do biomolecules play in the
body?
If we are composed of cells, what are cells
made of?
Building Blocks of CellsBiomolecules
Building Blocks of Life
The parts of the cells are made up of large,
complex molecules, often called
biomolecules
(built from a few smaller simpler, repeating
units arranged in an extremely precise
order).
Carbon Compounds
The basic units of most biomolecules
contain carbon atoms.
► All
forms of life are composed of
biomolecules.
► Biomolecules
are organic molecules that
build the cells (they are the smaller parts of
cells).
► Biomolecules
provide cell structure,
protection, and catalyze (cause) vital
chemical reactions, each of the 4
biomolecules play a vital role in maintaining
and propagating life.
The 4 Building Blocks:
► 1.
Carbohydrates- molecules made of sugar.
► Sugar
contains
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Monosaccharide (single sugar)
Ex) Glucose
C6H12O6
Simple Carbohydrate
Disaccharide (two sugars)
Ex) Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose
Simple Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide (many sugars) formed by
repeating units of either mono- or disaccharides joined together
Ex) Starch (plants), Glycogen (storage form
of glucose in animals), and Cellulose
Complex Carbohydrate
Glycogen (storage form of glucose in animals)
If all the sugar that is taken in by the cell is not used
in Cellular Respiration:
It gets stored in vacuoles as glycogen.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is large
enough to be stored in vacuoles.
When the cell needs to use the stored glycogen for
cellular respiration, lysosomes break it down in to
glucose again.
Cells use carbohydrates for:
Energy
Structural Materials
Cellular Identification/Recognition
2. Lipids- consist of chains of carbon atoms
bonded to each other and to hydrogen
atoms.
Molecules made of fatty acids and glycerol.
Ex) fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes,
Steroid hormones, and some pigments.
Cells use lipids for:
Storing energy
Controlling water movement
3. Proteins- the workhorse molecules.
Made up of chains of amino acids that
twist and fold into certain shapes.
SHAPE DETERMINES WHAT THE PROTEIN’S
JOB is!!!!!!!!
Amino acids are made up of an amino group, a carboxyl
group, and a variable group
There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins.
Some amino acids are essential which means the body
can’t make the amino acid, so it must be eaten in the diet.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Some proteins:
Provide structure and support
Enable movement
Aid in communications or transportation
Carry out chemical reactions (enzymes)
Important proteins:
Enzymes- build molecules and break them down.
Hormones- chemicals that are made by organs
and secreted into the bloodstream. They initiate
important changes/actions in the body.
4. Nucleic Acids- store and transmit heredity
information.
Are made up of a long chain of nucleotide
units
Nucleotides contain
a base, a sugar group,
And a phosphate
group.
Types of nucleotides:
DNA (d sugar group)- Instructions for life.
RNA (r sugar group)- Decodes DNA.
ATP- energy that the cell uses.
ATP is made up of a 5 carbon sugar (ribose), a phosphate group (3
phosphate molecules bonded together), and a nitrogen base (which is
always adenine when it comes to atp.
atp=adenosine triphosphate
The Universe and all things in the universe is made
up of matter or energy.
Matter changes constantly.
The ability to move or change matter is energy.
Conservation of matter- matter is neither created
nor destroyed, it only changes form.
Conservation of energy- energy is neither created
nor destroyed, it only changes form.
The 2 ways that matter changes:
Physical Change- only shape or form changes.
Ex)
H2O- Solid
H2O- Liquid
H2O- Gas
Chemical Change- substance changes into a
different substance.
Ex)
CO2+H2O→C6H12O6+O2
Living things use different chemical reactions
to get energy needed.
Chemical Reaction
Bonds between atoms are broken down and
made into new ones.
Reactant
(substance that is changed)
→ Product
(New substance)
Look @ diagram on p.65 (energy and alignment)
Enzymes (protein) increase the speed of a
biochemical reaction.
Molecules do not have to depend on random
collisions.
Lowers activation energy needed in a reaction.
Enzymes have an active site (where reactions
occur)
*The SHAPE of the active site
determines which substrates will bind
to it.*
Different enzymes act on specific subtrates.
Most enzymes are proteins. A change in
temp. and pH can change a proteins shapeit won’t work well or at all.
Classified according to function, proteins fall into the following main
groups:
► Antibodies: proteins bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses
and bacteria, to help protect the body. Example: immunoglobulin
►
Enzymes: proteins that carry out almost all of the thousands of
chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the
formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored
in DNA. Example: protease
►
Messengers: proteins, such as some types of hormones, that transmit
signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells,
tissues, and organs that possesses non-living substances. Example:
growth hormone
►
Structural component: proteins that provide structure and support for
cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move. Example:
actin
►
Transport and storage: proteins that bind and carry atoms and small
molecules within cells and throughout the body. Example: hemoglobin
► http://www.rlpage.com/labs/carbohydrate/i
d.pdf
► http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP
13204