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Name Per. _________Date:_______________ Grad Prep Biology Biomolecules Review Living things, or organisms such as plants and animals, are made of uncountable numbers of molecules. But one thing they all have in common is they contain carbon atoms. Life on earth is based on carbon compounds that we call biomolecules. Biomolecules are macromolecules or “giant molecules.” They are giant because they are polymers made of hundreds or even thousands of smaller molecules, monomers. It would be difficult to study the millions of biomolecules if we didn’t separate them into groups. Four of the major kinds of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are biomolecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. For example C6H1206 is a carbohydrate called glucose. You will notice that carbohydrates names commonly end in -ose. The two major functions carried out by carbohydrates are that they are used as the main source of energy in organisms, and they are used for structural purposes. If you didn’t already know, carbohydrates are sugar or starch. Simple sugars made of one carbohydrate are called monosaccharides. Complex sugars (starch) made of many carbohydrates are polysaccharides. Lipids are a large group of biomolecules that generally are not soluble in water. That means they will not dissolve (mix). Lipids are large biomolecules composed of a glycerol and two or more fatty acid chains made of many carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids are commonly fats, oils and waxes. Lipids are used to store energy and are an important part of the cell membrane and other waterproof coverings. Because lipids contain many more carbon to hydrogen bonds, compared to carbohydrates, they contain more energy. But, because it’s difficult for organisms to break all those bonds to release energy they are not used as a main source of energy. Proteins are biomolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. There are only 20 different amino acids on earth. But, the structure of the amino acids allows them to be joined together in infinite combinations. Therefore proteins can be made of any number of amino acids to create proteins of infinite sizes and shapes. Proteins are the functional portions of living things and are different in each type of organism. They function to control the rate of chemical reactions, regulate cell processes, and form structural components like bone and muscle, and transport substances into or out of cell. Nucleic acids are biomolecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They are polymers of smaller molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen molecule called a nitrogen base. Later you will learn how these nitrogen bases are used to assemble the many possible proteins in organisms. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. This is information passed from one generation of organisms to the next and is used to produce the necessary molecules needed for the new generation to grow and survive. There are two types of nucleic acids ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, lipid or nucleic acid. 1. starch 10. enzymes 2. sugar 11. phospholipid 3. pasta 12. glycerol 4. glucose 13. monosaccharide 5. nucleotide 14. triglyceride 6. DNA 15. amino acid 7. amino acid chain 16. enzyme 8. steak 17. saturated fat 9. unsaturated fatty acid 18. RNA Part B. Identify the specific molecule (carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein) from each description. Terms may be used more than once. 17. provides long-term energy storage for animals 18. instructions for building proteins 19. provides immediate energy 20. hormones controlling reproduction 21. provides short-term energy storage for plants 22. animal and plant structures 23. forms the cell membrane of all cells 24. speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy 25. sugars such as glucose 26. cells convert this into ATP for immediate energy 27. monomer is amino acids 28. provides long-term energy storage for plants 29. genetic material 30. controls the rate of chemical reactions 31. oil used for cooking 32. provides short-term energy storage for animals 33. made of monosaccarides 34. monomer of nucleic acids 35. forms the muscles of your body Part C. Which specific biomolecule (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) is each food mostly made of? 36. almond 44. celery 37. spinach 45. soy beans 38. beef jerky 46. cranberries 39. bacon 47. egg white 40. noodles 48. table sugar 41. orange juice 49. popcorn 42. cheese 50. lobster 43. wheat 51. sesame oil Part D. Which food molecule (carbohydrate, lipid, protein) would you eat if… 52. …you needed a quick boost of energy? 53. …you wanted to grow strong nails? 54. …you haven’t eaten in days? 55. …you wanted to grow healthy hair? 56. …you had a race tomorrow afternoon? 57. …you were getting ready for hibernation? 58. …you wanted to get bigger muscles? 59. …your next meal will be in a week?