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LEVELS OF
UNDERSTANDING
Remember
Question words:
find define label show
list
match name
relate tell select
KNOW
CAN DO
The difference between
ELEMENT ------- COMPOUND ------- MIXTURE
Neon
Water
Coffee
E = a pure substance that cannot be broken down;
one type of atom
C = 2 or more elements that have bonded
chemically
M = can be separated (evaporation/filtration/etc.)
Understand
Question words:
classify, describe, discuss,
explain, identify, locate,
recognize, report, select,
complete, paraphrase
Periodic Table
Families /Groups = vertical = same # of valence
electrons [alkali metals; alkaline earth metals;
transition metals; halogens; inert/noble gases]
Periods = horizontal = same # of shells
Symbols for all elements up to calcium [Ca]
Atomic number = # of protons
Atomic mass = mass of nucleus
electron arrangement = 2.8.3
Ions
Locate
Zig-zag line divides metals and nonmetals
Grp I = most metallic
Grp VII = most nonmetallic
Classify
ion = an atom that has an electrical charge
because it has gained or lost electrons
cation = an atom with more protons than
electrons is a positively charged ion
anion = an atom with more electrons than protons
is a negatively charged ion
electrical charge = # of electrons - # of protons
Apply
Question words:
choose, demonstrate,
illustrate, interpret,
operate, schedule,
sketch, solve, use, write
Atomic structure
nucleus (protons, neutrons)
shells (electrons)
shell = a particular region where electrons can
orbit the nucleus of an atom
valence electron = an electron in the outermost
shell of an atom
charges (positive = proton; neutral = neutron; negative =
Draw
a.
b.
Bohr Model for each element
in the periodic table up to
calcium
Electron dot diagram
electron)
Ionic Bonds
octet rule = most atoms are stable with a
configuration of eight valence electrons.
ionic bond = a bond formed by the attraction
between two oppositely charged ions
chemical formula = Al2O3 (neutral charge,
crossover rule)
metal = metal atoms tend to lose electrons when
forming chemical bonds
nonmetal = nonmetal atoms tend to gain or share
electrons when forming chemical bonds
Solve
Mg + Cl
MgCl
Mg+2 Cl-1
2
1
1
2
Balanced formula: MgCl2
LEVELS OF
UNDERSTANDING
KNOW
CAN DO
Apply
Question words:
Covalent Bonds
Demonstrate / Interpret
covalent bond = a chemical bond in which
nonmetal atoms share a pair of valence electrons
Lewis diagram = a diagram that shows the
element symbol surrounded by dots representing
valence electrons and dashes that represent pairs
of shared electrons
The Lewis diagram shows two fluorine
atoms in a fluorine molecule (F2)
Types of Chemical Reactions
Distinguish
Combustion = oxygen combines with another
C10H8 + 12O2
choose, demonstrate,
illustrate, interpret,
operate, schedule,
sketch, solve, use, write
Analyze
Question words:
compare, contrast,
criticize, differentiate,
discriminate, distinguish,
examine, experiment,
question, test
Evaluate
Question words:
argue, defend, judge,
select, support, value,
evaluate
material)
10CO2 + 4H2O
(COMBUSTION)
CaCO3
CaO + CO2 (DECOMPOSITION)
2NaOH + H2CO3
Na2CO3 + 2H2O
(DOUBLE REPLACEMENT)
Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
(SINGLE REPLACEMENT)
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4 (SYNTHESIS)
Chemical Reactions
Defend
conserve = if mass is conserved it means that the
mass is always the same or does not change
Law of Conservation of Mass = no detectable gain
or loss in mass occurs in chemical reactions.
However, the state of a substance may change in a
chemical reaction. For example, substances in a
chemical reaction can change from solid states to
gaseous states but the total mass will not change.
Or more simply, the mass of substances produced
(products) by a chemical reaction is always equal
to the mass of the reacting substances (reactants)
Quantitative hypothesis
2.00g carbon + 10.68g sulphur
12.68g carbon disulphide
compound to form water and carbon dioxide
Decomposition = AB
A + B (a single material comes
apart into more than one new material)
Double replacement = AB + CD
AD + CB
Single replacement = A + BC
AC + B
Synthesis = A + B
AB (2 materials react to form a new
Use data to support the conclusion to
your experiment: "Did you see from
your experiment that mass is
conserved?"