Download Biological Catalysts

[Linking catalysts to Biology]
Biological Catalysts
Enzymes, termed as biological
catalysts, are 3-D protein
molecules made up from 20
different monomers called amino
acids. The amino acids linked
together have a common
backbone, but differing side chains of
structural and chemical variety,
creating overall differences of great complexity.
The diagram above shows the different levels a protein molecule is
made up of, finishing off with a globular structure. First comes the
primary structure made up of a sequence of amino acids joined
together, followed by the secondary structure where the amino acid
chains are bonded by Hydrogen bonds. In the tertiary structure, the
amino acid chains fold to form a polypeptide chain into either Alpha
helices or Beta pleated sheets by Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds,
covalent bonds (disulphide bridges) & hydrophobic interactions
between the amino acid side chains. Enzymes are tertiary structures,
and not quaternary as they contain just one polypeptide chain
rather than several polypeptides that make up the quaternary
structure.
"Biocatalyst" is a broad term used for an industrial catalyst produced
biologically. This term is used synonymously for:
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pure enzymes
enzyme mixtures
formulated enzyme products
crude enzymes
cell fragments
whole cells (viable or non-viable).
*In some cases, plants or animals are used for the isolation of
enzymes, but industrial enzymes are produced mostly using
microorganisms in fermenter vessels.
*Production of enzymes of choice can be increased to high levels by
mutation and selection techniques.
*Often, the microorganism excretes the required enzyme into the
liquid medium in which they grow. The process of isolation is easy
and enzymes can be obtained in large amounts within a relatively
short time and at low cost.
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Industrial Applications of Catalysts ~
Application
Enzymes used
Uses
Biofuel
industry
Cellulases
Break down cellulose
into sugars that can
be fermented to
produce cellulosic
ethanol.
Ligninases
Pretreatment
of biomass for biofuel
production.
Proteases, amylases, lipases
Remove protein,
starch, and fat or oil
stains from laundry
and dishware.
Mannanases
Remove food stains
from the common
food additive guar
gum.
Amylase, glucanases, proteases
Split polysaccharides
and proteins in
the malt.
Betaglucanases and arabinoxylanases
Improve the wort and
beer filtration
characteristics.
Amyloglucosidase and pullulanases
Make lowcalorie beer and
adjust fermentability.
Acetolactate decarboxylase (ALDC)
Increase fermentation
efficiency by
Biological
detergent
Brewing
industry
reducing diacetyl
formation.
Culinary uses
Papain
Tenderize meat for
cooking.
Dairy industry
Rennin [derived from the stomachs of
young ruminant animals (like calves and
lambs)]
Hydrolyze protein in
the manufacture
of cheese.
Lipases
Produce Camembert
cheese and blue
cheeses such as
Roquefort.
Amylases
Produce sugars
from starch, such as in
making high-fructose
corn syrup.
Proteases
Lower the protein level
of flour, as in biscuitmaking.
Trypsin
Manufacture hypoalle
rgenic baby foods.
Cellulases, pectinases
Clarify fruit juices.
Molecular
biology
Nucleases, DNA ligase and polymerases
Use restriction
digestion and
the polymerase chain
reaction to
create recombinant
DNA.
Paper
industry
Xylanases, hemicellulases and lignin
peroxidases
Remove lignin from kra
ft pulp.
Food
processing
Personal care Proteases
Remove proteins
on contact lenses to
prevent infections.
Starch
industry
Amylases (from fungi and plants),
amyloglucosideases, and glucoamylases
Convert starch into glu
cose and
various syrups.
Glucose isomerase
Converts glucose into
fructose in production
of high-fructose syrups
from starchy materials.
Information Sources:
1)https://books.google.ae/books?id=9RGwwbLuIIQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_
ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
2) http://web.ist.utl.pt/ist11061/fidel/enzymatic/4/biocat.html
3) https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiologytextbook/industrial-microbiology-17/microbial-products-in-the-health-industry199/enzymes-used-in-industry-1004-5469/
4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme
RESEARCH WORK BY: KAUSAR
ADAM
ILLUSTRATED BY: MASHIAT
TABASSUM