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The Roman Republic Romulus and Remus Roman legend City founded in 753 BC Twin sons of the god Mars and a princess They were abandoned on the Tiber River as infants Raised by a she-wolf Built the city near the spot where they had been rescued This statue is the symbol of Rome. Why do you think the myth of the twins has endured for so long? It implies Rome was established by the gods and would survive against all odds. Geography Built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River Near center of the Italian Peninsula Midpoint of the “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot Mediterranean Sea for the site of our city—the [salubrious] hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne Advantage: central commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from location and fertile soil foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy—all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.” LIVY, The Early History of Rome Three Groups Settle Rome Latins First Romans 1000-500 BC founded original settlement of Rome Farmers and herders who lived in huts on top of Rome’s hills 8th c. BC urn The Greeks 750-600 BC established 50 colonies on coasts of southern Italy & Sicily Taught Romans how to grow grapes & olives Columns Mosaics Roman gods, legends same as Greeks, however w/ different names Etruscans Native to northern Italy Skilled metalworkers & engineers Had a system of writing Introduced the use of the arch Etruscan dress: the toga and cloak Also produced sculptures from terra-cotta, limestone, sandstone, and ivory Since modern cities sit atop many Etruscan settlements, very little excavation has been done, and has been limited primarily to tombs. From Etruscan King to Republic 600 BC Etruscan kings began to rule Rome Kings order the construction of Rome’s first temples and public bldgs Including the FORUM The Forum Heart of political life Used as a marketplace and meeting place for the senate; law courts, parades, banks, shops and civic center Forum Today Rome’s last king In 509 BC, the harsh king, Tarquin the Proud was overthrown by the wealthy Roman aristocrats Romans declared they would never be ruled by a king again Swore to put to death anyone who plotted to make himself king The New Government Create a Republic Means “public affairs” in Latin Form of government in which citizens elect their leaders (representatives) Leader is not a monarch Groups struggle for power Patricians (Will make up the senate at first) Plebeians Aristocratic landowner who held most power Inherited power & social status Commoners, artisans, merchants Majority of population Had right to vote, but barred from holding important gov’t positions Tribunes Elected representatives that protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts Part of an assembly Roman Law 451 BC Rome’s first code of laws were carved on 12 tablets & hung in Forum The “Twelve Tables” became the basis for later Roman law Established the idea that all free citizens had a right to protection of the law Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners What was the advantage to writing down the laws? Everyone who was able to read could know what the law said. Government under the Republic Consuls in place of kings Elected 2 officials Served for 1 year but can’t be reelected for 10 years Commanded army and directed gov’t Could always overrule or veto the other’s decisions Senate 300 members chosen for life Chosen from upper class Legislative & administrative functions Makes foreign and domestic policy Compare with chart on p. 156 Centuriate Assembly Tribal Assembly Citizen-soldiers are members for life Less powerful than Senate Appoint consuls, make laws Elect tribunes & make laws (Plebeians) Dictator Leader who had absolute power to make laws & command army Lasted for 6 months Chosen by consuls & elected by Senate in time of crisis The Roman Army All citizens who owned land required to serve 10 yrs. of service required in order to hold office Legions Military units of 5,000 heavily armed infantry Cavalry supported each legion Divided into smaller groups: 80 men = century (Centurion at right) Strength is in their flexibility Military organization & fighting skill were the key factors to their rise Roman Soldier Soldiers were road builders as well as fighters. Carried short stabbing sword (gladius), a dagger (sica), heavy and light javelins (pila), a helmet, a shirt of chain mail, or later, armor made of segmented plates, and a shield (scutum). Under it all they wore a tunic. When on campaign, each soldier carried all his own equipment, plus tools, bedding, cooking pots, and enough food for three days. Rome Conquers Italy Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek city-states in south By 265 BC Rome controls Italian peninsula Conquered peoples treated justly Latins and those close to city given full citizenship Farther conquered peoples enjoyed rights of citizenship but not given right to vote Some became allies of Rome and only had to supply men to the army Enables Rome to grow Rome’s Commercial Network Rome establishes large trading network Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes Carthage, powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome Punic Wars with Carthage “Punic” comes from the Latin word for Phoencian punicus 1st Punic War: 264-241 BCRomans send an army and navy to Sicily b/c feared Carthage control so close to Italian Peninsula Rome defeats Carthage and gets Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica Second Punic War 218-202 BC Hannibal Carthaginia general Attacks Italy through Spain , France, and Alps Battle of Cannae Army of 46,000 men , horses, and 37 elephants Lost most of elephants 40,000 Romans lost Hannibal spent decade waging war on peninsula Doesn’t take Rome Defeat of Hannibal Hannibal spent decade waging war on peninsula Doesn’t take Rome Scipio Roman general decides to invade Carthage rather than fight him in Italy Force Hannibal to return to defend homeland Hannibal is defeated at Battle of Zama in 202 BC He commits suicide rather than submit to Rome How did Scipio use Hannibal’s love for Carthage as a weapon? He forced Hannibal to choose between defending his home and conquering Rome. Third Punic Wars 149-146 BC 146 BC Rome destroys Carthage 10 Days they burn, and demolish city buildings 50,000 men, women, and children enslaved. Take Carthage as a province Roman victory gave it domination over the western Mediterranean.