
complete calendar
... January is the first month of the year. Latin (Roman) name: Ianvarivs or Ianuarius or Januarius or Janus The Roman month of January is named for Janus (Ianvs). January was sacred to Janus, the Roman God of gates, doors, and entrances. Janus was an early Italic sky god that long predated Rome. Ovid c ...
... January is the first month of the year. Latin (Roman) name: Ianvarivs or Ianuarius or Januarius or Janus The Roman month of January is named for Janus (Ianvs). January was sacred to Janus, the Roman God of gates, doors, and entrances. Janus was an early Italic sky god that long predated Rome. Ovid c ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... the magister equitum, did what was necessary to resolve the need that had created him, after which he resigned immediately, restoring Rome to stability and normality at the earliest possible moment by eliminating the dictatorship along with the crisis that spawned it. Iron precedent bound the consul ...
... the magister equitum, did what was necessary to resolve the need that had created him, after which he resigned immediately, restoring Rome to stability and normality at the earliest possible moment by eliminating the dictatorship along with the crisis that spawned it. Iron precedent bound the consul ...
Icon - ResearchSpace@Auckland
... There are many stories about Hannibal found across a variety of texts and genres. No other external enemy of Rome had the same impact on Roman literature over time as the Carthaginians and their extraordinary general, Hannibal. This thesis compares the presentations of some iconic themes and events ...
... There are many stories about Hannibal found across a variety of texts and genres. No other external enemy of Rome had the same impact on Roman literature over time as the Carthaginians and their extraordinary general, Hannibal. This thesis compares the presentations of some iconic themes and events ...
ARRIAN OF NICOMEDIA: GRECO
... Arrian of Nicomedia (mid-80s to late-160s AD)1 was a philosopher, soldier, statesman, and historian whose writings connected the Greek past to his life in the Roman Empire. Arrian was born in Roman controlled, yet Greek influenced, territory in what is now Turkey. His study of philosophy, his time ...
... Arrian of Nicomedia (mid-80s to late-160s AD)1 was a philosopher, soldier, statesman, and historian whose writings connected the Greek past to his life in the Roman Empire. Arrian was born in Roman controlled, yet Greek influenced, territory in what is now Turkey. His study of philosophy, his time ...
Open Access - Ghent University Academic Bibliography
... successful candidates with what might well be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity of achieving military success, a tradition tantalizingly held up to them by their ancestors, and for which the ultimate award was the celebration of a triumph.6 This view, which has won considerable support in some quarte ...
... successful candidates with what might well be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity of achieving military success, a tradition tantalizingly held up to them by their ancestors, and for which the ultimate award was the celebration of a triumph.6 This view, which has won considerable support in some quarte ...
The Portrayal and Role of Anger in the Res Gestae of Ammianus
... Roman Empire from Gaul to Germania, to Illyricum, Spain, Africa, Thrace, Syria and Italy. There are even major books that cover the wars in Persia that occupied so much of the Eastern emperors’ reigns. The period is contained in the extant volumes of Ammianus’ works, from Books 14-31, but my thesis ...
... Roman Empire from Gaul to Germania, to Illyricum, Spain, Africa, Thrace, Syria and Italy. There are even major books that cover the wars in Persia that occupied so much of the Eastern emperors’ reigns. The period is contained in the extant volumes of Ammianus’ works, from Books 14-31, but my thesis ...
Spartacus Mythistoricus: Winning Spartacus into the
... After a long disappearance from the historical canon, Spartacus' name returns in the 18TH century, when he starts appearing in philosophical and literary texts. Famous philosophers and writers like Voltaire and Marx begin to cite him in letters and books, discussing the implications of Spartacus' ac ...
... After a long disappearance from the historical canon, Spartacus' name returns in the 18TH century, when he starts appearing in philosophical and literary texts. Famous philosophers and writers like Voltaire and Marx begin to cite him in letters and books, discussing the implications of Spartacus' ac ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
... The mad monarchs of Roman history, with all their peculiarities and the countless anecdotes that surround their lives, form a fascinating topic of research. This book focuses on one of those ‘insane despots’. The emperor Commodus was the first purple-born Roman emperor, and according to our literary ...
... The mad monarchs of Roman history, with all their peculiarities and the countless anecdotes that surround their lives, form a fascinating topic of research. This book focuses on one of those ‘insane despots’. The emperor Commodus was the first purple-born Roman emperor, and according to our literary ...
Honors Thesis
... successfully advanced Pompey’s agenda several times. Gabinius’ first law was to strip L. Lucullus, the general and prominent statesman who was concluding the Mithridatic War, of his provinces and part of his army. The law gave them instead to the consul for that year, Glabrio. 24 Although at face va ...
... successfully advanced Pompey’s agenda several times. Gabinius’ first law was to strip L. Lucullus, the general and prominent statesman who was concluding the Mithridatic War, of his provinces and part of his army. The law gave them instead to the consul for that year, Glabrio. 24 Although at face va ...
- Nottingham ePrints
... Chapter 2 will focuses on the pre-Actium period, on pax, civil war and Apollo, from the death of Caesar to Naulochus in 36 BC, stressing their ideological justification as seen from Octavian/Augustus’s point of view. It will be argued that the triumvirate was the cornerstone of this justification an ...
... Chapter 2 will focuses on the pre-Actium period, on pax, civil war and Apollo, from the death of Caesar to Naulochus in 36 BC, stressing their ideological justification as seen from Octavian/Augustus’s point of view. It will be argued that the triumvirate was the cornerstone of this justification an ...
julius caesar: the colossus of rome
... During my career as a professional historian, I have been fortunate to be closely associated with two of the greatest Roman historians of their generation: Erich S. Gruen and William V. Harris. To them I dedicate this book, in the full knowledge that they will both, in different ways, find much to d ...
... During my career as a professional historian, I have been fortunate to be closely associated with two of the greatest Roman historians of their generation: Erich S. Gruen and William V. Harris. To them I dedicate this book, in the full knowledge that they will both, in different ways, find much to d ...
Four Rounds - The Latin Library
... Bonus1: How about the verb in you will send a letter? ANSWER: mittes or mittetis Bonus2: How about the verb in the sentence “What will you do?” ANSWER: facies or facietis 8Tossup) What one eyed creatures, including Polyphemus, were said to be Poseidon’s sons? ANSWER: the Cyclopes Bonus1) What Mother ...
... Bonus1: How about the verb in you will send a letter? ANSWER: mittes or mittetis Bonus2: How about the verb in the sentence “What will you do?” ANSWER: facies or facietis 8Tossup) What one eyed creatures, including Polyphemus, were said to be Poseidon’s sons? ANSWER: the Cyclopes Bonus1) What Mother ...
Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early
... Context and introductory background While many scholars refer to Faunus as one of the most ancient of the Italian deities, Republican sources have the fauns as their focus. The sudden explosion of references to Faunus in Augustan age Latin literature is striking and suggests this later period as the ...
... Context and introductory background While many scholars refer to Faunus as one of the most ancient of the Italian deities, Republican sources have the fauns as their focus. The sudden explosion of references to Faunus in Augustan age Latin literature is striking and suggests this later period as the ...
File - Imperium
... In writing these books I have relied heavily on classical sources. Even then, Caesar and other classical authors colored and propagandized their personal accounts of the events they describe. Recorded Roman history is full of holes, and modern authors usually can only fill those holes with informed ...
... In writing these books I have relied heavily on classical sources. Even then, Caesar and other classical authors colored and propagandized their personal accounts of the events they describe. Recorded Roman history is full of holes, and modern authors usually can only fill those holes with informed ...
this document as a
... poem. A few hints can be gathered from the Epitome of Livy and the fragments of Varro; and here the contemporary sources which can be entirely depended upon are brought to an end. ...
... poem. A few hints can be gathered from the Epitome of Livy and the fragments of Varro; and here the contemporary sources which can be entirely depended upon are brought to an end. ...
CONTESTING THE GREATNESS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
... Alexander mostly in comparison to and in potential conflict with the Roman military. Compared to the numerous examples of Alexander admiration, emulation, or apologetic that ancient writers usually recorded, this is a different form of influence that Alexander had on the conceptions of Roman history ...
... Alexander mostly in comparison to and in potential conflict with the Roman military. Compared to the numerous examples of Alexander admiration, emulation, or apologetic that ancient writers usually recorded, this is a different form of influence that Alexander had on the conceptions of Roman history ...
Sejanus and the Chronology of Christ`s Death
... Julius Caesar. Roman historians state that the real reason was that Cordos was an outspoken enemy of Sejanus.14 In 26 CE, Tiberius retired to the remote and almost inaccessible island of Capri, never to return to Rome again.15 Sejanus had played a major role in convincing Tiberius to do this.16 He a ...
... Julius Caesar. Roman historians state that the real reason was that Cordos was an outspoken enemy of Sejanus.14 In 26 CE, Tiberius retired to the remote and almost inaccessible island of Capri, never to return to Rome again.15 Sejanus had played a major role in convincing Tiberius to do this.16 He a ...
james anthony froude caesar: a sketch
... entirely depended upon are brought to an end. The secondary group of authorities from which the popular histories of the time have been chiefly taken are Appian, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Dion Cassius. Of these the first three were divided from the period which they describe by nearly a century and a ...
... entirely depended upon are brought to an end. The secondary group of authorities from which the popular histories of the time have been chiefly taken are Appian, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Dion Cassius. Of these the first three were divided from the period which they describe by nearly a century and a ...
2014 Certamen All Rounds
... AENEAS / AENEAS 2. During this holiday, Pliny is said to secluded himself in his Laurentian estate far away from the city, but Catullus calls it “the best of days”. What festival would find Romans setting aside their toga for the Greek style synthesis, a harvest festival held in December? SATURNALIA ...
... AENEAS / AENEAS 2. During this holiday, Pliny is said to secluded himself in his Laurentian estate far away from the city, but Catullus calls it “the best of days”. What festival would find Romans setting aside their toga for the Greek style synthesis, a harvest festival held in December? SATURNALIA ...
Book 1
... [1.Preface]Whether the task I have undertaken of writing a complete history of the Roman people from the very commencement of its existence will reward me for the labour spent on it, I neither know for certain, nor if I did know would I venture to say. For I see that this is an old-established and a ...
... [1.Preface]Whether the task I have undertaken of writing a complete history of the Roman people from the very commencement of its existence will reward me for the labour spent on it, I neither know for certain, nor if I did know would I venture to say. For I see that this is an old-established and a ...
a report for an internship carried out at the rwanda
... away from a siege to a council; and the same page places us in the middle of a campaign against the barbarians, and in the depths of the Monophysite controversy. In Gibbon it is not always easy to bear in mind the exact dates but the course of events is ever clear and distinct; like a skilful genera ...
... away from a siege to a council; and the same page places us in the middle of a campaign against the barbarians, and in the depths of the Monophysite controversy. In Gibbon it is not always easy to bear in mind the exact dates but the course of events is ever clear and distinct; like a skilful genera ...
Culture of ancient Rome

""Roman society"" redirects here. For the learned society, see: Society for the Promotion of Roman StudiesThe culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which at its peak covered an area from Lowland Scotland and Morocco to the Euphrates.Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture such as the Flavian Amphitheatre (now called the Colosseum), the Forum of Trajan, and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters, gymnasia, and many taverns, baths, and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word palace is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae (apartment blocks).The city of Rome was the largest megalopolis of that time, with a population that may well have exceeded one million people, with a high end estimate of 3.6 million and a low end estimate of 450,000. Historical estimates indicate that around 30% of the population under the city's jurisdiction lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanization by pre-industrial standards. The most urbanized part of the Empire was Italy, which had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800. Most Roman towns and cities had a forum, temples and the same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers. Italian farms supplied vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries. Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported from Hispania, Gaul and Africa.There was a very large amount of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire, since its transportation technology was very efficient. The average costs of transport and the technology were comparable with 18th-century Europe. The later city of Rome did not fill the space within its ancient Aurelian walls until after 1870.Eighty percent of the population under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome lived in the countryside in settlements with less than 10 thousand inhabitants. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterparts working in urban aristocratic households. To stimulate a higher labor productivity most landlords freed a large number of slaves and many received wages. Some records indicate that ""as many as 42 people lived in one small farm hut in Egypt, while six families owned a single olive tree."" Such a rural environment continued to induce migration of population to urban centers until the early 2nd century when the urban population stopped growing and started to decline.Starting in the middle of the 2nd century BC, private Greek culture was increasingly in ascendancy, in spite of tirades against the ""softening"" effects of Hellenized culture from the conservative moralists. By the time of Augustus, cultured Greek household slaves taught the Roman young (sometimes even the girls); chefs, decorators, secretaries, doctors, and hairdressers all came from the Greek East. Greek sculptures adorned Hellenistic landscape gardening on the Palatine or in the villas, or were imitated in Roman sculpture yards by Greek slaves. The Roman cuisine preserved in the cookery books ascribed to Apicius is essentially Greek. Roman writers disdained Latin for a cultured Greek style. Only in law and governance was the Italic nature of Rome's accretive culture supreme.Against this human background, both the urban and rural setting, one of history's most influential civilizations took shape, leaving behind a cultural legacy that survives in part today.