Open Access - Ghent University Academic Bibliography
... internal Greek politics. Roman security, he argues throughout, was paramount, and involvement was kept to an absolute minimum. Moreover, he concludes, “Hellas ultimately fell under Roman authority not because the Romans exported their structure to the East, but because the Greeks persistently drew t ...
... internal Greek politics. Roman security, he argues throughout, was paramount, and involvement was kept to an absolute minimum. Moreover, he concludes, “Hellas ultimately fell under Roman authority not because the Romans exported their structure to the East, but because the Greeks persistently drew t ...
Icon - ResearchSpace@Auckland
... Hannibal, not to reinterpret the history of the Second Punic War or Hannibal‟s career. Roman attitudes toward Hannibal changed over time and ultimately became remarkably positive. Hannibal was, undoubtedly, a terrifying figure to Romans in the third century BC and a serious threat to Rome‟s suzerain ...
... Hannibal, not to reinterpret the history of the Second Punic War or Hannibal‟s career. Roman attitudes toward Hannibal changed over time and ultimately became remarkably positive. Hannibal was, undoubtedly, a terrifying figure to Romans in the third century BC and a serious threat to Rome‟s suzerain ...
hannibal`s night time antics: livy`s use of `the night` in the third
... patience, especially during my ‘panic-mode’ moments. I could not have done it without your support and constant re-assurance, which never faulted even when I was at the end of my tether. Thank you. Special thanks also to Enrica Sciarrino and Alison Griffith for your input and interest in my topic wh ...
... patience, especially during my ‘panic-mode’ moments. I could not have done it without your support and constant re-assurance, which never faulted even when I was at the end of my tether. Thank you. Special thanks also to Enrica Sciarrino and Alison Griffith for your input and interest in my topic wh ...
The Greatest Generals of the Second Punic War
... be flanked by heavy infantry until it was too late. Finally, Xanthippus also realized the strength of the Numidian horsemen. These proved to be a superior cavalry force in both power and speed, making them very useful to completely surround and destroy the opposing army. 3 Armed with these changes, ...
... be flanked by heavy infantry until it was too late. Finally, Xanthippus also realized the strength of the Numidian horsemen. These proved to be a superior cavalry force in both power and speed, making them very useful to completely surround and destroy the opposing army. 3 Armed with these changes, ...
Narrative and Notice in Livy`s Fourth Decade: The Case of Scipio
... the beginning and end of the consular year—have received more critical attention, and the polysemy of their function in the AUC has been delineated more sharply.2 In addition to serving as memoranda and recording the internal affairs of Rome, the notices are an important anchor for the structure and ...
... the beginning and end of the consular year—have received more critical attention, and the polysemy of their function in the AUC has been delineated more sharply.2 In addition to serving as memoranda and recording the internal affairs of Rome, the notices are an important anchor for the structure and ...
Hannibal, soldier, statesman, patriot, and the crisis of the struggle
... which Rome was placed by Hannibal Early history of Rome The regal period Rome at the head of the Latin Advance of Roman conquest Wars with the Italcities Consolidation of the power of ians, the Gauls, and Pyrrhus ...
... which Rome was placed by Hannibal Early history of Rome The regal period Rome at the head of the Latin Advance of Roman conquest Wars with the Italcities Consolidation of the power of ians, the Gauls, and Pyrrhus ...
Volume Two - McMaster University, Canada
... of Niebuhrls pupils could, without presumption, say that he was to his master, the lectures would in all probability remain buried for ever. 1 am as anxious as any one to do justice to Niebuhr; but although I am very far from believing that I have attained that competency which my late fcllow-studen ...
... of Niebuhrls pupils could, without presumption, say that he was to his master, the lectures would in all probability remain buried for ever. 1 am as anxious as any one to do justice to Niebuhr; but although I am very far from believing that I have attained that competency which my late fcllow-studen ...
the dramatic elements in livy`s history
... possible that, in Livy's mind, Books VI-X were the most important of all the extant books'. 17 He focuses upon the 'dramatic structure' of the two main themes, viz. the struggle of the orders and Rome's military struggle to ensure her hegemony over Italy. However, the dramatic structure of these the ...
... possible that, in Livy's mind, Books VI-X were the most important of all the extant books'. 17 He focuses upon the 'dramatic structure' of the two main themes, viz. the struggle of the orders and Rome's military struggle to ensure her hegemony over Italy. However, the dramatic structure of these the ...
THE INFLUENCE OF HANNIBAL OF CARTHAGE ON THE ART OF
... of war. There was a significant amount of arable land, much mineral wealth (silver and gold), and robust populations of warlike peoples living there. Once brought under the sway of Carthage, this area would be a strong foundation upon which to build and maintain an army as well as refresh the coffer ...
... of war. There was a significant amount of arable land, much mineral wealth (silver and gold), and robust populations of warlike peoples living there. Once brought under the sway of Carthage, this area would be a strong foundation upon which to build and maintain an army as well as refresh the coffer ...
Hannibal - Feric
... Greek trading cities such as Croton and Rhegium. The Romans became concerned that the Carthaginians might expand into southern Italy while the Carthaginians were afraid that the Romans might move into their trading areas in Sicily. Both Rome and Carthage made a series of commercial and political tre ...
... Greek trading cities such as Croton and Rhegium. The Romans became concerned that the Carthaginians might expand into southern Italy while the Carthaginians were afraid that the Romans might move into their trading areas in Sicily. Both Rome and Carthage made a series of commercial and political tre ...
A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE EARLY ROMAN DICTATORSHIP
... In 327 B.C., the Romans engaged in conflict with the Samnites over control of the city of Neapolis in Campania.1 This event ignited the Second Samnite War, which lasted until 304. This war strained the magisterial structure of the Roman polity more than any conflict in its history up to that point. ...
... In 327 B.C., the Romans engaged in conflict with the Samnites over control of the city of Neapolis in Campania.1 This event ignited the Second Samnite War, which lasted until 304. This war strained the magisterial structure of the Roman polity more than any conflict in its history up to that point. ...
Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E Woody
... The Romans, meanwhile, had some problems of their own. One of these I call the Leadership Factor. Whereas Hannibal will be the leader of Carthaginian forces for the entirety of this conflict, the Romans would have many different leaders, of varying ability levels. Another Roman problem, was the Spec ...
... The Romans, meanwhile, had some problems of their own. One of these I call the Leadership Factor. Whereas Hannibal will be the leader of Carthaginian forces for the entirety of this conflict, the Romans would have many different leaders, of varying ability levels. Another Roman problem, was the Spec ...
Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E …
... progress. You are already far from home, with stretched supply lines, and are surrounded by hostile natives. You can ill afford to leave a fortified city, with an enemy port in it, standing to the rear of your advance. You must make allies as you go, or at least, leave them them in fear of your retr ...
... progress. You are already far from home, with stretched supply lines, and are surrounded by hostile natives. You can ill afford to leave a fortified city, with an enemy port in it, standing to the rear of your advance. You must make allies as you go, or at least, leave them them in fear of your retr ...
THE ROMAN ARMY`S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS
... ever since the 19th century. The Romans are seen as systematically demanding the military resources of their allies. The mechanism for this exploitation was the establishment of treaties that dictated military obligation on the part of Rome’s allies. However, with this focus on formal treaties, the ...
... ever since the 19th century. The Romans are seen as systematically demanding the military resources of their allies. The mechanism for this exploitation was the establishment of treaties that dictated military obligation on the part of Rome’s allies. However, with this focus on formal treaties, the ...
The Grand Strategy: A Study on Hannibal`s Stratagem During the
... it was directed. It would seem to have been singularly unsuccessful.”19 If the allies did not want what Hannibal offered then he could not break them from Rome. Hannibal did not have the manpower or support to defeat Rome without their support. The events that led up to the Second Punic War portray ...
... it was directed. It would seem to have been singularly unsuccessful.”19 If the allies did not want what Hannibal offered then he could not break them from Rome. Hannibal did not have the manpower or support to defeat Rome without their support. The events that led up to the Second Punic War portray ...
THE SAMNITE LEGACY: - University of Lethbridge
... cleansing campaign ended Samnite antagonism and resistance to Rome permanently, after which they were fully assimilated into Roman society. From the fourth to first centuries BC, the Samnites twice achieved what even Hannibal could not: establish a pan-Italian anti-Roman coalition. In the Third Samn ...
... cleansing campaign ended Samnite antagonism and resistance to Rome permanently, after which they were fully assimilated into Roman society. From the fourth to first centuries BC, the Samnites twice achieved what even Hannibal could not: establish a pan-Italian anti-Roman coalition. In the Third Samn ...
Tom Cox - Gorffennol
... allows his men to inflict atrocities, emphasised by Livy’s use of dramatic rhetoric to maintain the interest of the reader . The contrast is obvious between the morality of Rome and Carthage’s lack of such virtue. Publius Scipio is used by Livy as a mouthpiece and an idealistic Roman, highlighted by ...
... allows his men to inflict atrocities, emphasised by Livy’s use of dramatic rhetoric to maintain the interest of the reader . The contrast is obvious between the morality of Rome and Carthage’s lack of such virtue. Publius Scipio is used by Livy as a mouthpiece and an idealistic Roman, highlighted by ...
Parallel Lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy`s Third
... led victorious campaigns in Spain and recovered it from the enemy. Likewise, he had proceeded from Spain to his enemy's homeland, and, after numerous field its power. As Hannibal victories, had come near to annihilating ...
... led victorious campaigns in Spain and recovered it from the enemy. Likewise, he had proceeded from Spain to his enemy's homeland, and, after numerous field its power. As Hannibal victories, had come near to annihilating ...
the roman nation: rethinking ancient nationalism
... on common rights for all members and shared territory. It also featured a similar culture, but it was a culture that welcomed outsiders who then co-opted and hybridized Roman cultural features of their own volition. Rome was certainly not an ethnic nation, composed solely of one or two major ethnic ...
... on common rights for all members and shared territory. It also featured a similar culture, but it was a culture that welcomed outsiders who then co-opted and hybridized Roman cultural features of their own volition. Rome was certainly not an ethnic nation, composed solely of one or two major ethnic ...
Parallel Lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy`s Third Decade
... by a process of careful selection shapes Scipio’s life and career into a virtual mirror image of his own. Hannibal, too, had been elected general of an army when still in his youth and had shown unflinching devotion to his family. He, too, had led victorious campaigns in Spain and recovered it from ...
... by a process of careful selection shapes Scipio’s life and career into a virtual mirror image of his own. Hannibal, too, had been elected general of an army when still in his youth and had shown unflinching devotion to his family. He, too, had led victorious campaigns in Spain and recovered it from ...
Full introductory notes - Association for Latin Teaching
... decade and for Italian campaigns for as long as Hannibal was successful Polybius – only acknowledged by name once, but Livy shows familiarity with him as early as Book XXI and becomes main authority from XXIV onwards, especially when it concerns Greece or Sicily and the campaign in Africa. o Wrote a ...
... decade and for Italian campaigns for as long as Hannibal was successful Polybius – only acknowledged by name once, but Livy shows familiarity with him as early as Book XXI and becomes main authority from XXIV onwards, especially when it concerns Greece or Sicily and the campaign in Africa. o Wrote a ...
Herring The Genius of Hannibal
... While the defeat suffered by Carthage and Hannibal’s inability to gain allies are relevant in assessing Hannibal’s ability as a military commander, it was factors beyond Hannibal’s control which dictated the result of the Second Punic War. Rome’s “inexhaustible supply of manpower” (Bradley, 1990. p ...
... While the defeat suffered by Carthage and Hannibal’s inability to gain allies are relevant in assessing Hannibal’s ability as a military commander, it was factors beyond Hannibal’s control which dictated the result of the Second Punic War. Rome’s “inexhaustible supply of manpower” (Bradley, 1990. p ...
The Walls of the Romans: Boundaries and Limits in the Republic
... greater authority on the matter. The oldest senators had a greater connection with the past than the younger senators and thus could speak “more accurately” on the matter of the past and past tradition. Because of the nature of the interpretation of the mos maiorum, Roman traditions and society cou ...
... greater authority on the matter. The oldest senators had a greater connection with the past than the younger senators and thus could speak “more accurately” on the matter of the past and past tradition. Because of the nature of the interpretation of the mos maiorum, Roman traditions and society cou ...
Hannibal Crossing the Alps
... is that there is a view of Italy along the pass. Hannibal would point out to his men that they would conquer the land they see before them. The army relied on the view for hope.14 Another important fact was that the mountain pass led directly to the city of Turin, which was the first city Hannibal ...
... is that there is a view of Italy along the pass. Hannibal would point out to his men that they would conquer the land they see before them. The army relied on the view for hope.14 Another important fact was that the mountain pass led directly to the city of Turin, which was the first city Hannibal ...
The Second Punic War June 2015
... gained support (rare!) from Carthaginian Senate (who refused to hand him to Rome) for major offensive and moved quickly to New Carthage (SE Spain); informed men about plans for invasion (keeping them in picture and gaining trust); gave them leave (popular) then fortified Sicily (to prevent Roman att ...
... gained support (rare!) from Carthaginian Senate (who refused to hand him to Rome) for major offensive and moved quickly to New Carthage (SE Spain); informed men about plans for invasion (keeping them in picture and gaining trust); gave them leave (popular) then fortified Sicily (to prevent Roman att ...
Socii
The socii (/ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English; ""allies"") were the autonomous tribes and city-states of the Italian Peninsula in permanent military alliance with the Roman Republic until the Social War of 91–88 BC. After this conflict, all Rome's peninsular Italian allies were awarded Roman citizenship and their territories incorporated in the Roman state. The Romans themselves referred to their confederates as the socii Latini (""Latin allies""), although most were not members of the Latin tribe strictly speaking, but members of various other Italian tribes and city-states. In everyday usage, the word socius /ˈsoʊʃəs/ could mean ""associate"" or ""partner"" in general.The alliance had its origin in the foedus Cassianum (""Treaty of Cassius"", 493 BC) signed by the fledgling Roman republic with its neighbouring Latin city-states shortly after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 510 BC. This provided for mutual defence by the two parties on the basis of an equal contribution to the annual military levy, which was probably under Roman overall command. The terms of the treaty were probably more acceptable to the Latins than the previous type of Roman hegemony, that of the Tarquin kings, as the latter had probably required the payment of tribute and not a simple military obligation.The foedus served as the basic template for Rome's settlement with the large array of tribes and city-states of the whole Italian peninsula that it subjugated during the period 338–264 BC. At the start of this period, the original Latins were mostly granted Roman citizenship. But the terms of the foedus was extended to about 150 other tribes and city-states. When a state was defeated, a part of its territory would be annexed by Rome to provide land for Roman/Latin colonists. The latter, although Roman citizens, were required to give up their citizen rights on joining a colony, and accept the status of socii. This was in order that Latin colonies could act as ""watchdogs"" on the other socii in the allied military formations, the alae. The defeated state would be allowed to keep the rest of its territory in return for binding itself to Rome with a perpetual treaty of military alliance. This would require the ally to ""have the same friends and enemies as Rome"", effectively prohibiting war against other socii and surrendering foreign policy to Rome. Beyond this, the central, and in most cases sole, obligation on the ally to contribute to the confederate army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year, to serve under Roman command.The Roman military alliance had fully evolved by 264 BC and remained for 200 years the basis of Roman military organisation. From 338 BC to 88 BC, Roman legions were invariably accompanied on campaign by roughly the same numbers of allied troops organised into two units called alae (literally: ""wings"", as allied troops would always be posted on the flanks of the Roman battle-line, with the Roman legions holding the centre). 75% of a normal consular army's cavalry was supplied by the Italian socii. Although the socii provided around half the levies raised by Rome in any given year, they had no say in how those troops were used. Foreign policy and war were matters exclusively in the hands of the Roman Consuls and the Roman Senate. The latter, in turn, was a narrow, self-perpetuating 300-strong clique of wealthy men who monopolised power in the Roman republic, despite the theoretical sovereignty of the Roman people.Despite the loss of independence and heavy military obligations, the system provided substantial benefits for the socii. Most importantly, they were freed from the constant threat of aggression from their neighbours that had existed in the anarchic centuries prior to the imposition of the pax Romana. In addition, the Roman alliance protected the Italian peninsula from external invasion, such as the periodic and devastating incursions of Gauls from the Po Valley. Although no longer in control of war and foreign policy, each socius remained otherwise fully autonomous, with its own laws, system of government, coinage and language. Moreover, the military burden was only half that shouldered by Roman citizens, as the latter numbered only about half the population of the socii, but provided around half the total levies. Despite this, allied troops were allowed to share war booty on a 50–50 basis with Romans.Despite these benefits, many socii rebelled against the alliance whenever the opportunity arose. The best opportunities were provided by the invasions of Italy by the Greek king Pyrrhus in 281–75 BC and by the Carthaginian general Hannibal in 218–03 BC. During these, many socii joined the invaders, mostly Oscan-speakers of southern Italy, most prominently the Samnite tribes, who were Rome's most implacable enemy. At the same time, however, many socii remained loyal, motivated primarily by antagonisms with neighbouring rebels. Even after Rome's disaster at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC), over half the socii (by population) did not defect and Rome's military alliance was ultimately victorious.In the century succeeding Hannibal's War (201–91 BC), Italy was no longer threatened by external invasion (save by the occasional Gallic or Germanic horde) and Rome and her allies embarked on aggressive expansion overseas, in Spain, Africa and the Balkans. Despite the fact that the alliance was no longer acting defensively, there was virtually no protest from the socii, most likely because the latter benefited equally in the enormous amounts of war booty yielded by these campaigns.But, beneath the surface, resentment was building among the socii about their second-class status as peregrini i.e. non-citizens (except for the Latin colonists, who could regain their citizenship by moving to Roman territory). The Roman military confederation now became a victim of its own success in forging a united nation out of the patchwork of ethnicities and states. The socii rebelled en masse, including many that had remained steadfast in the past, launching the so-called Social War. But, unlike on previous occasions, their aim was to join the Roman state as equal citizens, not to secede from it. Although the socii were defeated on the battlefield, they gained their main demand. By the end of the war in 88 BC, all inhabitants of peninsular Italy had been granted the right to apply for Roman citizenship.