Comparing Strategies of the 2d Punic War
... Rome gradually developed from a small, agrarian, city-state into the predominant land power on the Italian peninsula. Rome had few contacts outside Italy during this period and confined most of its attention to consolidating power in Italy. Rome had assimilated several conquered peoples and establis ...
... Rome gradually developed from a small, agrarian, city-state into the predominant land power on the Italian peninsula. Rome had few contacts outside Italy during this period and confined most of its attention to consolidating power in Italy. Rome had assimilated several conquered peoples and establis ...
The Second Punic War effectively ended
... The evidence is a Carthaginian coin, struck in the time of Hannibal, that bears an unmistakable image of an African elephant. Coins are often valuable to archeologists, and here it is about all historians have - a coin and a story told after the Second Punic War. Hannibal dealt the Romans under Scip ...
... The evidence is a Carthaginian coin, struck in the time of Hannibal, that bears an unmistakable image of an African elephant. Coins are often valuable to archeologists, and here it is about all historians have - a coin and a story told after the Second Punic War. Hannibal dealt the Romans under Scip ...
The Patricians Create a Republic
... First, they demanded that the laws be written down. In that way, the patricians couldn't change them at will. Around the year 451 B.C.E., the patricians agreed. The laws were published on tablets called the Twelve Tables. Next, in 367 B.C.E., a new law said that one of the two consuls had to be a pl ...
... First, they demanded that the laws be written down. In that way, the patricians couldn't change them at will. Around the year 451 B.C.E., the patricians agreed. The laws were published on tablets called the Twelve Tables. Next, in 367 B.C.E., a new law said that one of the two consuls had to be a pl ...
Punic War Gale documents
... In the first phase of the war, the Roman forces aided Messana, while Carthage supported Syracuse. But this phase, and with it the original pretext for the war, was soon over. Hiero of Syracuse had no interest in matching his power against Rome's, nor in being dominated by his erstwhile allies. In 26 ...
... In the first phase of the war, the Roman forces aided Messana, while Carthage supported Syracuse. But this phase, and with it the original pretext for the war, was soon over. Hiero of Syracuse had no interest in matching his power against Rome's, nor in being dominated by his erstwhile allies. In 26 ...
File
... emphasized their team spirit, the great treasure in Rome, and that recrossing the Alps would be impossible. He brought in prisoners, and had them fight each other to the death, promising the winner a free pass home. This provoked his soldiers into a fighting frenzy. At this point, the consul in char ...
... emphasized their team spirit, the great treasure in Rome, and that recrossing the Alps would be impossible. He brought in prisoners, and had them fight each other to the death, promising the winner a free pass home. This provoked his soldiers into a fighting frenzy. At this point, the consul in char ...
The History of Rome, Book II
... never tolerate a king; by the blind hatred with which the name of king was ever afterwards regarded in Rome; and above all by the enactment that the "king for offering sacrifice" (-rex sacrorum- or -sacrificulus-) --whom they considered it their duty to create that the gods might not miss their ...
... never tolerate a king; by the blind hatred with which the name of king was ever afterwards regarded in Rome; and above all by the enactment that the "king for offering sacrifice" (-rex sacrorum- or -sacrificulus-) --whom they considered it their duty to create that the gods might not miss their ...
A-level Classical Civilisation Mark scheme Unit 02F - The
... great concern among the other Italians that Rome was sacrificing them for her own safety; as the war dragged on the need for a change of tactics became increasingly evident, yet Fabius remained totally opposed, nearly keeping Scipio from his successful taking of the war to Africa; students may come ...
... great concern among the other Italians that Rome was sacrificing them for her own safety; as the war dragged on the need for a change of tactics became increasingly evident, yet Fabius remained totally opposed, nearly keeping Scipio from his successful taking of the war to Africa; students may come ...
Chapter 13: Beginnings, 1000 B.C.
... The Etruscans were more culturally advanced than the Latins. They made many contributions to Roman civilization. In the area of architecture, the Etruscans taught the Latins how to use the arch in building bridges. The Etruscans also laid the foundations of Rome’s first sewer system. They drained th ...
... The Etruscans were more culturally advanced than the Latins. They made many contributions to Roman civilization. In the area of architecture, the Etruscans taught the Latins how to use the arch in building bridges. The Etruscans also laid the foundations of Rome’s first sewer system. They drained th ...
A-level Classical Civilisation Mark scheme Unit 02F - The
... Trasimene (so little continuity); Flaminius set himself above Senate; urged him not to rush into fight (bad omens); recalled him when he refused, but he ignored them; not really their fault but lack of authority contributing factor; Cannae: sensibly appointed Fabius Dictator in advance of battle; hi ...
... Trasimene (so little continuity); Flaminius set himself above Senate; urged him not to rush into fight (bad omens); recalled him when he refused, but he ignored them; not really their fault but lack of authority contributing factor; Cannae: sensibly appointed Fabius Dictator in advance of battle; hi ...
Hannibal Barca pat
... ◦ After the battle Of Cannae in 216BC Hannibal had Rome on its knees ◦ A march to Rome here would most likely have resulted in Hannibal's victory ◦ Hannibal and his army merely stayed put in Italy, this decision was crucial in Hannibal's ...
... ◦ After the battle Of Cannae in 216BC Hannibal had Rome on its knees ◦ A march to Rome here would most likely have resulted in Hannibal's victory ◦ Hannibal and his army merely stayed put in Italy, this decision was crucial in Hannibal's ...
000000000000000000000 - 2010
... Hannibal launched his strategic plan involving the Numidians distracting Varro from the main attack, and using a crescent shape to commence his attack. As the Carthaginians encircled the Romans from the flanks, Varro’s men attempted to flee, but could not escape Hannibal and Hasdrubal (Baker 136). H ...
... Hannibal launched his strategic plan involving the Numidians distracting Varro from the main attack, and using a crescent shape to commence his attack. As the Carthaginians encircled the Romans from the flanks, Varro’s men attempted to flee, but could not escape Hannibal and Hasdrubal (Baker 136). H ...
Hannibal Watson
... privileged position in Rome However he tended to display bias in his treatment of Scipio Aemilianus, but was clearly sympathetic to Hannibal ...
... privileged position in Rome However he tended to display bias in his treatment of Scipio Aemilianus, but was clearly sympathetic to Hannibal ...
Untitled - Yakama Nation Legends Casino
... their inherited ability as the greatest entrepreneurs of the ancient world, the Carthaginians had gradually dissociated themselves from their ancestry. They had become a people in their own right and turned their port and trading depot into the greatest city of the day. Carthage ran back from the sm ...
... their inherited ability as the greatest entrepreneurs of the ancient world, the Carthaginians had gradually dissociated themselves from their ancestry. They had become a people in their own right and turned their port and trading depot into the greatest city of the day. Carthage ran back from the sm ...
Study Questions on Hannibal Terms to define/ explain Lion`s Brood
... 13. How many men did Hannibal start with? How many did he station at stops along the way? How many men did Hannibal enter Italy with? 14. Who were Hannibal’s allies? 15. What was Hannibal’s over strategy (plan) when he invaded the Italian peninsula? 16. Name and describe five battles of Hannibal. 17 ...
... 13. How many men did Hannibal start with? How many did he station at stops along the way? How many men did Hannibal enter Italy with? 14. Who were Hannibal’s allies? 15. What was Hannibal’s over strategy (plan) when he invaded the Italian peninsula? 16. Name and describe five battles of Hannibal. 17 ...
Some Hypotheses on the Duel of Manlius Torquatus and a Gaul
... This article, or rather a case study, is based on a paper given at the Colloquium of Methodological Issues in the Study of Celtic Religion at the department of Comparative Religion in Helsinki in August 2008, and stems from a recent revisit to a rather well-known passage in Livy describing the duel ...
... This article, or rather a case study, is based on a paper given at the Colloquium of Methodological Issues in the Study of Celtic Religion at the department of Comparative Religion in Helsinki in August 2008, and stems from a recent revisit to a rather well-known passage in Livy describing the duel ...
Layout 2 - McGill University
... In Book XXXIX, Livy describes a number of politically charged events, including the Bacchanalian affair, the Third Macedonian War, the censorship of Cato and the death of Hannibal. Due to the structure of his work, Livy had to get through approximately eight and a half years in Books XXXIX and XL. H ...
... In Book XXXIX, Livy describes a number of politically charged events, including the Bacchanalian affair, the Third Macedonian War, the censorship of Cato and the death of Hannibal. Due to the structure of his work, Livy had to get through approximately eight and a half years in Books XXXIX and XL. H ...
THE TREATY WITH SAGUNTUM
... It is probable that the version of the treaty preserved at Rome contained a record of the obligations that the Carthaginians had undertaken, while the record of the obligations undertaken by the Romans, for their part, was preserved at Carthage (1). In any case, the language Polybius employs to desc ...
... It is probable that the version of the treaty preserved at Rome contained a record of the obligations that the Carthaginians had undertaken, while the record of the obligations undertaken by the Romans, for their part, was preserved at Carthage (1). In any case, the language Polybius employs to desc ...
Polybius wrote his Histories with the overriding belief that the
... account of events hinders our ability to completely understand the actions of both the Romans and the Achaeans. 7 Polybius, in dealing with his homeland, was torn by his dual allegiance. His admiration of Rome and wish to portray her positively did not always coincide with his view of Achaean politi ...
... account of events hinders our ability to completely understand the actions of both the Romans and the Achaeans. 7 Polybius, in dealing with his homeland, was torn by his dual allegiance. His admiration of Rome and wish to portray her positively did not always coincide with his view of Achaean politi ...
ROME, TARENTUM AND THE DEFECTION OF
... If we only study the text of Livy, then the denial of the Tarentine participation would be taken into consideration. But the other version of the crisis, preserved in the work of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, offers another perspective upon the events and Tarentum appears ...
... If we only study the text of Livy, then the denial of the Tarentine participation would be taken into consideration. But the other version of the crisis, preserved in the work of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, offers another perspective upon the events and Tarentum appears ...
The Purple People 1 The Purple People
... Carthaginians. This was especially the case for Carthage’s general Hamilcar Barca (Hamilcar “the Lightning Bolt”), who had negotiated the unfavorable treaty, but whose own troops had never been defeated in Sicily. The wily Hamilcar decided to make up for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia-Corsica by co ...
... Carthaginians. This was especially the case for Carthage’s general Hamilcar Barca (Hamilcar “the Lightning Bolt”), who had negotiated the unfavorable treaty, but whose own troops had never been defeated in Sicily. The wily Hamilcar decided to make up for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia-Corsica by co ...
ancient-history-essay
... Second Punic War. Although the accuracy of some of his victories does tend to come into question, it is generally accepted that he held the upper position during its course, and that when the war is mentioned, his is the first name to come to mind. All ancient sources point towards the notion that h ...
... Second Punic War. Although the accuracy of some of his victories does tend to come into question, it is generally accepted that he held the upper position during its course, and that when the war is mentioned, his is the first name to come to mind. All ancient sources point towards the notion that h ...
Outline - 2010-2011English10
... a. Hannibal’s military strategy and logic affected the results of the war; influence of others and personal reasons for fighting motivation; effects of war different from both sides of the war b. Hannibal was a great military leader and a courageous war hero because of his skill, his motivation, and ...
... a. Hannibal’s military strategy and logic affected the results of the war; influence of others and personal reasons for fighting motivation; effects of war different from both sides of the war b. Hannibal was a great military leader and a courageous war hero because of his skill, his motivation, and ...
Hannibal and the Second Punic War- Adam - 2010
... Hamilcar, determined to reestablish Carthage (and his own reputation) set off to Spain to conquer new territories in the name of the empire. He took his young son with him. Before they departed for Spain, Hamilcar forced Hannibal swear a famous oath: “His father commanded him [Hannibal], at only nin ...
... Hamilcar, determined to reestablish Carthage (and his own reputation) set off to Spain to conquer new territories in the name of the empire. He took his young son with him. Before they departed for Spain, Hamilcar forced Hannibal swear a famous oath: “His father commanded him [Hannibal], at only nin ...
The Second Punic War June 2012
... Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examinati ...
... Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examinati ...
Hannibal Barca
... After the onset of the war, Hannibal showed no intention of fighting the Romans in Hispania. He wanted to fight them on their turf -- Italy. So in the spring of 218 B.C., he took nearly 50,000 soldiers and several war elephants with him and left for Italy. To surprise the Romans from a place where t ...
... After the onset of the war, Hannibal showed no intention of fighting the Romans in Hispania. He wanted to fight them on their turf -- Italy. So in the spring of 218 B.C., he took nearly 50,000 soldiers and several war elephants with him and left for Italy. To surprise the Romans from a place where t ...
Socii
The socii (/ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English; ""allies"") were the autonomous tribes and city-states of the Italian Peninsula in permanent military alliance with the Roman Republic until the Social War of 91–88 BC. After this conflict, all Rome's peninsular Italian allies were awarded Roman citizenship and their territories incorporated in the Roman state. The Romans themselves referred to their confederates as the socii Latini (""Latin allies""), although most were not members of the Latin tribe strictly speaking, but members of various other Italian tribes and city-states. In everyday usage, the word socius /ˈsoʊʃəs/ could mean ""associate"" or ""partner"" in general.The alliance had its origin in the foedus Cassianum (""Treaty of Cassius"", 493 BC) signed by the fledgling Roman republic with its neighbouring Latin city-states shortly after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 510 BC. This provided for mutual defence by the two parties on the basis of an equal contribution to the annual military levy, which was probably under Roman overall command. The terms of the treaty were probably more acceptable to the Latins than the previous type of Roman hegemony, that of the Tarquin kings, as the latter had probably required the payment of tribute and not a simple military obligation.The foedus served as the basic template for Rome's settlement with the large array of tribes and city-states of the whole Italian peninsula that it subjugated during the period 338–264 BC. At the start of this period, the original Latins were mostly granted Roman citizenship. But the terms of the foedus was extended to about 150 other tribes and city-states. When a state was defeated, a part of its territory would be annexed by Rome to provide land for Roman/Latin colonists. The latter, although Roman citizens, were required to give up their citizen rights on joining a colony, and accept the status of socii. This was in order that Latin colonies could act as ""watchdogs"" on the other socii in the allied military formations, the alae. The defeated state would be allowed to keep the rest of its territory in return for binding itself to Rome with a perpetual treaty of military alliance. This would require the ally to ""have the same friends and enemies as Rome"", effectively prohibiting war against other socii and surrendering foreign policy to Rome. Beyond this, the central, and in most cases sole, obligation on the ally to contribute to the confederate army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year, to serve under Roman command.The Roman military alliance had fully evolved by 264 BC and remained for 200 years the basis of Roman military organisation. From 338 BC to 88 BC, Roman legions were invariably accompanied on campaign by roughly the same numbers of allied troops organised into two units called alae (literally: ""wings"", as allied troops would always be posted on the flanks of the Roman battle-line, with the Roman legions holding the centre). 75% of a normal consular army's cavalry was supplied by the Italian socii. Although the socii provided around half the levies raised by Rome in any given year, they had no say in how those troops were used. Foreign policy and war were matters exclusively in the hands of the Roman Consuls and the Roman Senate. The latter, in turn, was a narrow, self-perpetuating 300-strong clique of wealthy men who monopolised power in the Roman republic, despite the theoretical sovereignty of the Roman people.Despite the loss of independence and heavy military obligations, the system provided substantial benefits for the socii. Most importantly, they were freed from the constant threat of aggression from their neighbours that had existed in the anarchic centuries prior to the imposition of the pax Romana. In addition, the Roman alliance protected the Italian peninsula from external invasion, such as the periodic and devastating incursions of Gauls from the Po Valley. Although no longer in control of war and foreign policy, each socius remained otherwise fully autonomous, with its own laws, system of government, coinage and language. Moreover, the military burden was only half that shouldered by Roman citizens, as the latter numbered only about half the population of the socii, but provided around half the total levies. Despite this, allied troops were allowed to share war booty on a 50–50 basis with Romans.Despite these benefits, many socii rebelled against the alliance whenever the opportunity arose. The best opportunities were provided by the invasions of Italy by the Greek king Pyrrhus in 281–75 BC and by the Carthaginian general Hannibal in 218–03 BC. During these, many socii joined the invaders, mostly Oscan-speakers of southern Italy, most prominently the Samnite tribes, who were Rome's most implacable enemy. At the same time, however, many socii remained loyal, motivated primarily by antagonisms with neighbouring rebels. Even after Rome's disaster at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC), over half the socii (by population) did not defect and Rome's military alliance was ultimately victorious.In the century succeeding Hannibal's War (201–91 BC), Italy was no longer threatened by external invasion (save by the occasional Gallic or Germanic horde) and Rome and her allies embarked on aggressive expansion overseas, in Spain, Africa and the Balkans. Despite the fact that the alliance was no longer acting defensively, there was virtually no protest from the socii, most likely because the latter benefited equally in the enormous amounts of war booty yielded by these campaigns.But, beneath the surface, resentment was building among the socii about their second-class status as peregrini i.e. non-citizens (except for the Latin colonists, who could regain their citizenship by moving to Roman territory). The Roman military confederation now became a victim of its own success in forging a united nation out of the patchwork of ethnicities and states. The socii rebelled en masse, including many that had remained steadfast in the past, launching the so-called Social War. But, unlike on previous occasions, their aim was to join the Roman state as equal citizens, not to secede from it. Although the socii were defeated on the battlefield, they gained their main demand. By the end of the war in 88 BC, all inhabitants of peninsular Italy had been granted the right to apply for Roman citizenship.