Download ECOLOGY REVIEW By Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology

AP BIO REVIEW
Ecology
Biological systems interact, and these
systems and their interactions possess
complex properties.
By Kelly Riedell
Brookings Biology
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Image from: https://blog.serenataflowers.com/pollennation/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/honey-bee-5.jpg
Type of symbiotic interaction in
which both organisms benefit (+/+)
MUTUALISM
Essential Knowledge 4.B.3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics
2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically (
predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)
Image from: http://faculty.uca.edu/johnc/HumanPopGrowth.gif
Which type of growth curve is exhibited
by the human population on planet Earth
as shown above? Exponential growth
Essential knowledge 4.A.6 .e.1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.
Which of the organisms shown below is
a secondary consumer?
Frog;
secondary consumers eat primary consumers
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy.
C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2.D.1]
d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity
A population of 265 swans are introduced to Circle
Lake. The population’s birth rate is 0.341 swans/year,
and the death rate is 0.296 swans/year. What is the rate
of population growth, and is it increasing or decreasing?
r = births – deaths
= 0.341 – 0.296
r = 0.045
r is increasing
LO 4.12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in
complex ways
SP 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena
A population of 1,492 Baltimore Orioles is introduced to an
area of Nerstrand woods. Over the next year, the Orioles
show a death rate of 0.395 while the population drops to
1,134. What’s the birth rate for this population? Is this
proving to be a suitable habitat?
dN/dt= (b-d)N
(1134-1492) = (b- 0.395) 1492
1 year
-358 = (b – 0.395 ) 1492
-358 = b – 0.395
1492
b= 0.155
- 0.24 = b – 0.395
LO 4.12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways
SP 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena
Image from: http://staffsites.slcschools.org/rdahl/data/_uploaded/8th/Predator%20Prey%20Lab/chase_is_on_lrg.jpg
Type of interaction in which one
organism is hunted and eaten by
another (+/-)
PREDATOR/PREY
Essential Knowledge 4.B.3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics
2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically (
predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)
How does the way matter flows
through an ecosystem differ from
the way that energy flows?
Energy is passed in one-way direction through
the biotic (living organisms) in an ecosystem.
Matter cycles within and between biotic and
abiotic parts of an ecosystem.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of matter and energy
a. Energy flows, but matter is recycled
Essential Knowledge 2.A.1 All living systems require constant input of free energy
Explain how carbon moves from C02 in
atmosphere into living things during the
carbon cycle.
C02 is taken in by green plants during
photosynthesis and incorporated into
organic molecules
Give an example of some biomolecules
you learned about that contain carbon.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids all contain carbon
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids.
Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.
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The process by which nitrates/nitrites in
soil are changed into N2 gas and returned
to the atmosphere during the nitrogen cycle
is called _________________
denitrification
Which group of organisms are
responsible for this process?
Bacteria that live in the soil can change
nitrates/nitrites into
N2 gas
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.
There are 190 grey tree frogs in a swamp. If r= 0.093 frogs/ year, predict the population size
next year.
dN/dt= r max N
dN/dt = -0.093 (190)
dN/dt = 17.67
190 -18 = 172
172 frogs
LO 4.12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways
SP 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena
All the living things that are part
of an ecosystem are called
BIOTIC
__________
factors.
Which organisms make up the first
trophic level in all food webs and food
chains?
Autotrophs/producers
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
a. Cell activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy.
C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2.D.1]
d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity
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Explain where heterotrophs obtain the
carbon they need to build molecules during
the carbon cycle.
Carbon is obtain by consuming other
organisms as part of food web
interactions.
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids.
Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.
One dandelion plant can produce many seeds, leading to a
high growth rate for dandelion populations. If a population
of dandelions is currently 40 individuals, and rmax= 80
dandelions/month, predict dN/dt if these dandelions
would grow exponentially.
Exponential growth: dN/dt= rmax N
dN/dt= 80 x 40= 3200
LO 4.12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways
SP 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena
Explain how carbon moves from living things
back into inorganic molecules in the
ecosystem during the carbon cycle.
C02 is released into atmosphere during
cellular respiration and decomposition.
Carbon is returned to
the soil when living
things release waste
or die/decompose
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids.
Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.
All the living things that are part
of an ecosystem are called
BIOTIC
__________
factors.
Which organisms make up the first
trophic level in all food webs and food
chains?
Autotrophs/producers
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy.
C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2.D.1]
d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity
6. Imagine the dandelions mentioned in #12 cannot
grow exponentially, due to lack of space. The carrying
capacity for their patch of lawn is 70 dandelions. What
is their dN/dt in this logistic growth situation?
Logistic growth: dN/dt= r max N (K-N/K)
dN/dt= 80 x 40 (70-40/70)
dN/dt= 3200 (30/70)
1371
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Type of symbiotic interaction in
which one organism benefits and the
other is harmed (+/-)
PARASITISM
Essential Knowledge 4.B.3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics
2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically (
predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)
Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/346/flashcards/709346/jpg/picture11321381932244.jpg
The process by which N2 gas is changed
into a form that plants can use is called
Nitrogen fixation
_______________
Which group of organisms are
responsible for this process?
Nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the soil and
form symbiotic relationships with legumes change
nitrogen into ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria can
change ammonia into nitrates/nitrites
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.
Which of the organisms shown below is
a primary consumer?
Grasshopper;
primary consumers eat primary producers
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy.
C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2.D.1]
d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity
Explain how green plants get the nitrogen
they need to build biomolecules during the
nitrogen cycle.
Absorbed via roots from soil made
available by nitrogen fixing bacteria
Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/346/flashcards/709346/jpg/picture11321381932244.jpg
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.
Image from: :https://i.ytimg.com/vi/m7eEv7gdg38/hqdefault.jpg
Although the atmosphere contains approximately
78% N2 gas, heterotrophs are unable to use
nitrogen in this form. Explain how
heterotrophs (like you) get the nitrogen they need
to build biomolecules during the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen is obtained
by consuming other
organisms as part
of food web
interactions.
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.
Image from: https://figures.boundless-cdn.com/21346/large/figure-45-03-01.jpe
Which of these growth curves would be
seen in a population with unlimited
nutrients?
Exponential growthpopulation continues to increase due to
availability of nutrients for all
Essential knowledge 4.A.6 .e.1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.
Name the group of green plants that can
form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen
fixing bacteria during the nitrogen cycle.
Legumes; Ex soybeans, peanuts
Give an example of some biomolecules
you learned about that contain nitrogen.
Proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.
Which of the organisms shown below is
a tertiary consumer?
snake;
tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy.
C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2.D.1]
d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity
Density-independent limiting factors depend on
population density, or the number of organisms per unit
area.
Examples include severe weather, natural disasters, and
human activities.
Some of these factors may have more severe effects when
population density is high.
asdfasdf
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6 e.2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent
population regulation.
Name the only biogeochemical cycle
that doesn’t pass through the
atmosphere.
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Give an example of some biomolecules
you learned about that contain nitrogen.
Nucleic acids and phospholipids
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
2. Phosphorus moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in nucleic acids and certain lipids.
How are taxis and kinesis
different?
Image from: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hZeCz7kKFZw/UBfHE40ZjHI/AAAAAAAAAPw/ec3xFFkmT3Q/s1600/flagella.png
TAXIS is a change in direction
in which an organism automatically
moves toward (positive taxis) or
away from (negative taxis) a
stimulus
KINESIS
is a change in rate of
movement in response
to a stimulus
Essential knowledge 2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
a. Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Taxis and kinesis in animals
All the non-living things that are part
of an ecosystem are called
ABIOTIC factors.
__________
Give an example of these factors.
Climate, temperature, precipitation,
wind, soil type, water availability,
sunlight, minerals
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
a. Cell activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.
Which country has the fastest growing
population?
Mexico- has the greatest numbers in
lowest age groups
Essential Knowledge 4.A.5. 4 Demographic data with respect to age distributions and fecundity can be used to study human populations.
Which of the organisms shown below is
a quaternary consumer?
Hawk
quaternary consumers (apex predators)
eat tertiary consumers
Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex
biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6. Interactions among living systems and with their environment results in the movement of mater and energy.
C. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact {See also 2.D.1]
d. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity
PREDICT what might happen to the snake
population in this community if all the pine borer
bugs were killed by a virus?
A loss in pine borer bugs would decrease the populations of salamanders and
golden crested kinglets (they eat pine borers). Loss of these would also
result in a decrease in the snake population since snakes eat kinglets and
salamanders.
LO 4.13 The student is able to predict the effects of a change in the community’s populations on the community {See SP 6.4]
Image from: https://figures.boundless-cdn.com/21346/large/figure-45-03-01.jpe
Which of these growth curves would be
seen in a population where nutrient
availability becomes limited?
Logistic growthPopulation increases while nutrients are available;
graph levels off when nutrients are limited
Essential knowledge 4.A.6 .e.1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.
Why is only about 10% of the
energy in an organism transferred
in a food chain?
Some is used by organism for life
processes such as movement, transport,
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
rest is lost as HEAT
Question from: https://mrsnyders.wikispaces.com/file/view/Pop.+growth.wks.w.answers.doc
mage from: http://mayhewbiology.com/Reading%20Guides/Chapter%205_files/image005.gif
The graph shows moose
and wolf population on
Isle Royale.
Is the number of moose on the island a density-dependent
or density-independent limiting factor for the wolf?
It is density-dependent because when the wolf population
is small, there may be enough moose for food;
when the wolf population is large, food may be scarce for the
wolf if the moose population is small.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6 e.2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent
population regulation.
SP 1.4 The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively.
SP 6.4 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
Image from: https://figures.boundless-cdn.com/21346/large/figure-45-03-01.jpe
The maximum population size that an
ecosystem can support is called the
__________________
CARRYING CAPACITY
Essential knowledge 4.A.6 .e.1 Competition for resources and other factors limits growth and can be described by the logistic model.
780 turkeys live in Merriam township, which is 92 acres
in size. The birth rate is 0.472 turkeys/ year. The death
rate is 0.331 turkeys/ year.
a. What is the population density?
780/92 = 8.5 turkeys/acre
b. What is dN/dt?
dN/dt= r max N
(0.472-0.331)/780 = 0.141 (780)
110 turkeys/ year
c. Predict N after one year, assuming dN/dt stays
constant. 780 + 110 = 890 turkeys
LO 4.12 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe communities composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways
SP 2.2 The student can apply mathematical routines to quantities that describe natural phenomena
Image from: http://mayhewbiology.com/Reading%20Guides/Chapter%205_files/image005.gif
The graph shows moose
and wolf population on
Isle Royale.
Explain how these two species interact?
How does the change in numbers of one population impact the other?
Wolves and moose have a predator/prey relationship.
When wolf numbers increase the moose population decreases
because there are more wolves eating moose.
When moose populations decrease, a decrease in wolf
population follows because there is less food for the wolves.
When the wolf population decreases, the moose population
increases because there are fewer predators to eat them.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6 e.2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent
population regulation.
SP 1.4 The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively.
SP 6.4 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
Image from: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/62/3f/19/623f192ee2e9d48f8189a3889293cd37.jpg
Type of symbiotic interaction in
which one organism benefits and the
other is neither helped nor harmed
(+/0)
COMMENSALISM
Essential Knowledge 4.B.3. Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1 Competition, parasitism, predation, mutualism and commensalism can affect population dynamics
2. Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects, and can be modeled mathematically (
predator/prey, epidemiological models, invasive species)
Question from: https://mrsnyders.wikispaces.com/file/view/Pop.+growth.wks.w.answers.doc
A population continues at a stable size for many
years. Suddenly, in a single season, the population
size drops by half. Is the cause more likely to be
density-dependent, density-independent, or both?
Explain your answer.
It could be either or both.
A density-independent factor such as extreme
weather or a natural disaster could reduce
numbers quickly.
A density-dependent factor such as disease,
parasitism, human activities, or a newly introduced
predator or herbivore could also reduce numbers
quickly.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.6 e.2 Competition for resources, territoriality, health, predation, accumulation of wastes, and other factors contribute to density-dependent
population regulation.
SP 1.4 The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively.
SP 6.4 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.
THE END