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Study Guide for the Unit 9 Science Exam – Ecological Organization Layout TOPICS 32 Multiple Choice Questions 3 Fill-in the blank Questions 2 Short Answer Questions Biotic and Abiotic Factors Levels of ecological organization Food Chains, Food Webs & Energy Pyramids Biogeochemical Cycles (Water, Carbon & Nitrogen) Terms to know: Ecology -The scientific study of the interactions of living things with each other and their relationships with the environment. Population - Organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another. Community - Populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another. Ecosystem - A natural unit consisting of all the living organisms in an area functioning together with all the nonliving physical factors of the environment. Biosphere – The areas of Earth where all organisms live; extends from about 11,000 meters below sea level to 15,000 meters above sea level. Niche - The role of a species in its ecosystem; includes all the ways species’ members interact with the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. 1. Examples of Abiotic Factors: __air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.________________________________________________________________ 2. Examples of Biotic Factors: _Any living organism._____________________________________________________________ 3. Order of Ecological Levels from SMALLEST to LARGEST _organism____________ __population______________ ___community_______________ __ecosystem__________________biosphere_____________ _ 4. Other names for Producers : ____photoautotrophs____________, ___chemoautotrophs______________ 5. Original Source of Energy for Ecosystems = ____sun______________ 6. Examples of: a. Producer – _____plants, grasses, algae, trees_________________________________________________________________ b. Primary Consumer – _grasshopper, zooplankton____________________________________________________________ c. Secondary Consumer – __mouse, fish__________________________________________________________ d. Tertiary Consumer – _snake, seal_____________________________________________________________ e. Detrivore – ____earthworms, centipeades_________________________________________________________________ f. Decomposer – __fungi, bacteria_________________________________________________________________ 7. Why are decomposers always at the end of a food chain/web? ___They break down the dead organisms and convert the nitrates back into nitrogen gas.___________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 8. Energy Pyramids and trophic levels: a. What is at the base of the energy pyramid and WHY: ____Producers because they have the most energy and have the most biomass.______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ b. What is at the top of the energy pyramid and WHY: _Tertiary Consumers because they have the least amount of energy._________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. What does most of the energy from food get used for?: __metabolism_____________, ___heat______________, _____respiration_____________ d. How much energy is passed to the next trophic level? __10%________________ e. Does ENERGY get recycled? _____No_________ 9. Water Cycle : Processes involved: ____Evaporation, Sublimation, and Transpiration,_ Condensation and Precipitation,___ Infiltration and Runoff,____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs are __areas that store large amounts of carbon for long period of time or short periods of time.___________________________________________________________ Examples of reservoirs: _____ocean, lakes, ponds, wetlands_________________________________________________________ Processes involved: ____photosynthesis; Diffusion; Decomposition; Respiration; fossil fuel burning; _____________________________________________________________ 11. Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen fixation- ___The process of converting nitrogen gas to nitrate ions that plants can absorb; a. bacteria._ nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which secrete enzymes needed for the process______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b. Nitrification - ___The process of converting ammonium ions to nitrites or nitrates.__________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ c. Role players in cycle: __bacteria___________________, __producer__________________, ___nitrogen_______________ 12. Greenhouse Effect: a. Caused by: _______carbon dioxide from large carbon reservoir’s, decomposition of plants and animals, human influences of burning fossil fuels._______________________________________________________________