Diss-Zooplankton-Impakt on phytoplankton
... appendicularians) are restricted to the filtration of generally smaller particles. They are relatively rich in P and, hence, have low body N:P ratios. Based on these findings, the following hypotheses were made: (1) Copepods shift the size structure of phytoplankton assemblages to small particles by ...
... appendicularians) are restricted to the filtration of generally smaller particles. They are relatively rich in P and, hence, have low body N:P ratios. Based on these findings, the following hypotheses were made: (1) Copepods shift the size structure of phytoplankton assemblages to small particles by ...
Linking Landscapes and Food Webs: Effects of Omnivorous Fish
... other materials across landscapes can strongly affect recipient food webs. For example, many studies show that subsidies of plant-available nutrients stimulate primary production and cause changes in species composition of plants as well as organisms at higher trophic levels (Carpenter et al. 1998). ...
... other materials across landscapes can strongly affect recipient food webs. For example, many studies show that subsidies of plant-available nutrients stimulate primary production and cause changes in species composition of plants as well as organisms at higher trophic levels (Carpenter et al. 1998). ...
POSITIVE INDIRECT EFFECTS OF REEF FISHES ON KELP
... predation from killer whales; this predation may indirectly result in an increase in populations of sea urchins, which subsequently cause a decrease in the abundance of kelp. Many other studies suggest that the distribution and abundance of kelp forests are determined by processes that regulate the ...
... predation from killer whales; this predation may indirectly result in an increase in populations of sea urchins, which subsequently cause a decrease in the abundance of kelp. Many other studies suggest that the distribution and abundance of kelp forests are determined by processes that regulate the ...
The Variable Position of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.))
... sedimented organic matter produced in the pelagic and littoral areas. The pelagic zone is the photic, open-water area above the profundal zone, where photosynthetic phytoplankton forms the basic energy source for zooplankton and on to planktivorous fish. Generalist fish species can switch between ha ...
... sedimented organic matter produced in the pelagic and littoral areas. The pelagic zone is the photic, open-water area above the profundal zone, where photosynthetic phytoplankton forms the basic energy source for zooplankton and on to planktivorous fish. Generalist fish species can switch between ha ...
- Wiley Online Library
... on Anostracan fairy shrimp in the wild, and these shrimp are known to induce the carnivore morph (Pfennig 1990), they are difficult to rear in large quantities in the laboratory. Therefore, we used a combination of fairy shrimp and brine shrimp (Artemia spp.), because brine shrimp are easily reared ...
... on Anostracan fairy shrimp in the wild, and these shrimp are known to induce the carnivore morph (Pfennig 1990), they are difficult to rear in large quantities in the laboratory. Therefore, we used a combination of fairy shrimp and brine shrimp (Artemia spp.), because brine shrimp are easily reared ...
Heck et al. 2008 - BIOEEOS660-f12
... reef ecosystems found that most reef fishes were carnivores whose biomass was 3–4 times greater than that of herbivorous fishes (Bakus 1969; Goldman and Talbot 1976; Polunin 1996). Such inverted food webs suggested that predators must have foraged in other habitats to meet their nutritional needs. E ...
... reef ecosystems found that most reef fishes were carnivores whose biomass was 3–4 times greater than that of herbivorous fishes (Bakus 1969; Goldman and Talbot 1976; Polunin 1996). Such inverted food webs suggested that predators must have foraged in other habitats to meet their nutritional needs. E ...
Pigeons and People: resource ecology and human dimensions of
... predation risk (Tsurim et al., 2008), permanent water sources and shelter from harsh climates (Rebele, 1994). Compared with wildlands, cities are characterised by higher bird population densities, but lower species richness (Shochat et al., 2004). Adaption to urban ecosystems requires changes in the ...
... predation risk (Tsurim et al., 2008), permanent water sources and shelter from harsh climates (Rebele, 1994). Compared with wildlands, cities are characterised by higher bird population densities, but lower species richness (Shochat et al., 2004). Adaption to urban ecosystems requires changes in the ...
The interaction between cyanobacteria and zooplankton in a more
... grazers. While high quality phytoplankton enable efficient transfer of carbon and energy to higher trophic levels, cyanobacterial traits (e.g., toxicity, size, nutrition) may reduce zooplankton fitness (Wilson et al., 2006) and the ecological coupling between primary producers and their grazers (Elser ...
... grazers. While high quality phytoplankton enable efficient transfer of carbon and energy to higher trophic levels, cyanobacterial traits (e.g., toxicity, size, nutrition) may reduce zooplankton fitness (Wilson et al., 2006) and the ecological coupling between primary producers and their grazers (Elser ...
The importance of predation, cannibalism and resources for
... syndrome virus (WSSV), which indicates that high temperatures can negatively affect the disease pathogenicity in crayfish (Jiravanichpaisal et al. 2004). In temperate regions the growth period is limited to the warmer summer months of the year and the decrease in temperature and light in autumn trig ...
... syndrome virus (WSSV), which indicates that high temperatures can negatively affect the disease pathogenicity in crayfish (Jiravanichpaisal et al. 2004). In temperate regions the growth period is limited to the warmer summer months of the year and the decrease in temperature and light in autumn trig ...
Phillips et al.
... send 1996). Subsequently, introduced predators can potentially affect the distribution and abundance of organisms at multiple trophic levels in a community (e.g., Schoener and Spiller 1999). In community ecology, both theoretical (e.g., Hairston et al. 1960, Oksanen et al. 1981, Fretwell 1987) and e ...
... send 1996). Subsequently, introduced predators can potentially affect the distribution and abundance of organisms at multiple trophic levels in a community (e.g., Schoener and Spiller 1999). In community ecology, both theoretical (e.g., Hairston et al. 1960, Oksanen et al. 1981, Fretwell 1987) and e ...
ingram et al 2012 evolution - Zoology, UBC
... yet to be measured, a field enclosure experiment indicated that the presence of sculpin can reduce foraging success and decrease the breadth of diet items used by individual stickleback (Bolnick et al. 2010). We do not currently know the colonization history of these two species: if stickleback colo ...
... yet to be measured, a field enclosure experiment indicated that the presence of sculpin can reduce foraging success and decrease the breadth of diet items used by individual stickleback (Bolnick et al. 2010). We do not currently know the colonization history of these two species: if stickleback colo ...
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Pelagic Zooplankton
... the seasonal deep water chlorophyll a maximum from April to July of each year. Over 90 % of each taxon with the exception of copepod nauplii (80 %) occurred in the epilimnion throughout the year except during the deep seasonal mixing when a broader vertical distribution occurred, nonetheless, high e ...
... the seasonal deep water chlorophyll a maximum from April to July of each year. Over 90 % of each taxon with the exception of copepod nauplii (80 %) occurred in the epilimnion throughout the year except during the deep seasonal mixing when a broader vertical distribution occurred, nonetheless, high e ...
The Invasion of the Zebra Mussel - Effects on Phytoplankton
... $267 million through late 2004, since 1989 (Connelly et al. 2007). It is evident that higher economical problems in North America than Europe are attributed to higher densities of zebra mussels, which are often observed to attach to each other by byssal threads and clog water intake pipes. Sestonic ...
... $267 million through late 2004, since 1989 (Connelly et al. 2007). It is evident that higher economical problems in North America than Europe are attributed to higher densities of zebra mussels, which are often observed to attach to each other by byssal threads and clog water intake pipes. Sestonic ...
EFFECTS OF AN INVASIVE CONSUMER ON ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES ARE by
... individual stressors, and synergism or antagonism as anything greater than or less than this sum. Finally, iii) the "multiplicative effects" model which assumed that additivity was equal to the product of the individual stressors, and synergistic or antagonistic effects were anything greater than o ...
... individual stressors, and synergism or antagonism as anything greater than or less than this sum. Finally, iii) the "multiplicative effects" model which assumed that additivity was equal to the product of the individual stressors, and synergistic or antagonistic effects were anything greater than o ...
Factors Driving Herbivores Consumption and
... los contenidos de mis erizos y salpas. Y sobretodo gracias por tu inagotable ilusión, por ...
... los contenidos de mis erizos y salpas. Y sobretodo gracias por tu inagotable ilusión, por ...
The Tundra Biome Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes
... drop to as low as -70 degrees Fahrenheit. There are powerful winds that can blow up to 100 miles an hour. As a result of the cold, the water in the ground freezes: the ground can be frozen to a depth of 2000 feet or more. In some places only a few inches of the top part of the ground thaw out in the ...
... drop to as low as -70 degrees Fahrenheit. There are powerful winds that can blow up to 100 miles an hour. As a result of the cold, the water in the ground freezes: the ground can be frozen to a depth of 2000 feet or more. In some places only a few inches of the top part of the ground thaw out in the ...
Vocabulary Definitions
... photosynthesis the process by which producers make energy-rich molecules (food) from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of light (SRB, IG) phytoplankton a huge array of photosynthetic microorganisms that are free-floating in water (SRB) polar zone the climate zone that is closest to the North ...
... photosynthesis the process by which producers make energy-rich molecules (food) from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of light (SRB, IG) phytoplankton a huge array of photosynthetic microorganisms that are free-floating in water (SRB) polar zone the climate zone that is closest to the North ...
Influence of nymphal Anax imperator (Odonata
... attention. Schmitz et al. (1997) demonstrated that nonlethal spiders caused an overall decrease in feeding rate (herbivory) and thus an increase in plant biomass. A behavioral trophic cascade is also possible if animals avoid a particular habitat while foraging or do not lay eggs in this habitat in ...
... attention. Schmitz et al. (1997) demonstrated that nonlethal spiders caused an overall decrease in feeding rate (herbivory) and thus an increase in plant biomass. A behavioral trophic cascade is also possible if animals avoid a particular habitat while foraging or do not lay eggs in this habitat in ...
Demography and feeding behavior of the kelp crab Taliepus
... & O′Connor 1992), and multiple structural and chemical adaptations have evolved that might reduce the palatability of seaweeds (Duffy & Hay 1990). Despite this, some herbivores from temperate kelp beds consume large amounts of algal biomass (Leighton 1966; Vasquez & Buschmann 1997). Some algal cons ...
... & O′Connor 1992), and multiple structural and chemical adaptations have evolved that might reduce the palatability of seaweeds (Duffy & Hay 1990). Despite this, some herbivores from temperate kelp beds consume large amounts of algal biomass (Leighton 1966; Vasquez & Buschmann 1997). Some algal cons ...
Predation intensifies parasite exposure in a salmonid food chain
... transmission of lice (with an adult male bias) to coho salmon O. kisutch predators. While experimental evidence is accumulating, the extent to which trophic transmission structures the distribution of lice among juvenile salmon in the wild is unknown. 2. We used a hierarchical modelling approach to ...
... transmission of lice (with an adult male bias) to coho salmon O. kisutch predators. While experimental evidence is accumulating, the extent to which trophic transmission structures the distribution of lice among juvenile salmon in the wild is unknown. 2. We used a hierarchical modelling approach to ...
The diet of saltmarsh consumers - LSU Digital Commons
... top omnivore, Fundulus heteroclitus. Some P. pugio became more carnivorous when F. heteroclitus where reduced indicating top-down control of infauna by P. pugio mediated through behavior. In the long-term, anthropogenic effects could fundamentally alter food web structure by changing saltmarsh speci ...
... top omnivore, Fundulus heteroclitus. Some P. pugio became more carnivorous when F. heteroclitus where reduced indicating top-down control of infauna by P. pugio mediated through behavior. In the long-term, anthropogenic effects could fundamentally alter food web structure by changing saltmarsh speci ...
Studies on Baltic Sea mysids Martin Ogonowski Department of Systems Ecology
... abundance estimation. Since TS is more or less proportional to the size of objects, it is important to understand how, when and where different sizes are distributed in the water column. For this reason, efforts were made to decipher the underlying factors that govern vertical size distributions of ...
... abundance estimation. Since TS is more or less proportional to the size of objects, it is important to understand how, when and where different sizes are distributed in the water column. For this reason, efforts were made to decipher the underlying factors that govern vertical size distributions of ...
A review of the anti-predator devices of spiders*
... Thomas (1953) and Wise (1993). (For earlier references, see Warburton, 1909). The major predators of spiders fall into two categories: (a) those about the same size as their prey (mainly arthropods) and (b) those much larger than their prey (mainly vertebrates): against each of which different types ...
... Thomas (1953) and Wise (1993). (For earlier references, see Warburton, 1909). The major predators of spiders fall into two categories: (a) those about the same size as their prey (mainly arthropods) and (b) those much larger than their prey (mainly vertebrates): against each of which different types ...
Answer Key - Mandarin High School - Mrs. Brand`s Science Classes
... As you saw in Figure 13.11 on page 410, even a simplified coral reef food web is complicated. Phytoplankton and zooxanthellae––symbiotic algae that live within coral polyps––form the base of the web, converting sunlight into energy that is then taken up, in part, by primary consumers such as sponges ...
... As you saw in Figure 13.11 on page 410, even a simplified coral reef food web is complicated. Phytoplankton and zooxanthellae––symbiotic algae that live within coral polyps––form the base of the web, converting sunlight into energy that is then taken up, in part, by primary consumers such as sponges ...
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Small Streams
... invertebrate taxa have been recorded in a mountain stream on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Incredibly, there are many headwater invertebrate species that remain undescribed in both isolated and populated regions of the world. With the great diversity of foods available for consumption by in ...
... invertebrate taxa have been recorded in a mountain stream on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Incredibly, there are many headwater invertebrate species that remain undescribed in both isolated and populated regions of the world. With the great diversity of foods available for consumption by in ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.